Skip to main content
Open Book Publishers

Surveillance and Control of Dengue Vectors in the United States and Territories

  • Roberto Barrera (author)
Metadata
TitleSurveillance and Control of Dengue Vectors in the United States and Territories
ContributorRoberto Barrera (author)
DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0472
Landing pagehttps://www.openbookpublishers.com/books/10.11647/OBP.0472
Licensehttps://creativecommons.org/public-domain/cc0/
CopyrightRoberto Barrera;
PublisherOpen Book Publishers
Publication placeCambridge, UK
Published on2025-07-04
ISBN978-1-80511-627-1 (Paperback)
978-1-80511-628-8 (Hardback)
978-1-80511-629-5 (PDF)
978-1-80511-631-8 (HTML)
978-1-80511-630-1 (EPUB)
Short abstract'Surveillance and Control of Dengue Vectors in the United States and Territories' offers a comprehensive exploration of the challenges and strategies involved in managing dengue vectors, particularly Aedes mosquitoes, in the US and its territories. With over 13 million dengue cases reported in the Americas in 2024 alone, this timely book synthesizes critical information on vector species, transmission cycles, and effective surveillance and control methods.
Long abstract'Surveillance and Control of Dengue Vectors in the United States and Territories' offers a comprehensive exploration of the challenges and strategies involved in managing dengue vectors, particularly Aedes mosquitoes, in the US and its territories. With over 13 million dengue cases reported in the Americas in 2024 alone, this timely book synthesizes critical information on vector species, transmission cycles, and effective surveillance and control methods. Dr. Roberto Barrera, a seasoned expert in mosquito ecology and Vector-Borne diseases, presents evidence-based recommendations for public health officials, researchers, and community stakeholders. This essential guide not only addresses the complexities of dengue transmission but also emphasizes the importance of integrated vector management and community engagement in preventing outbreaks. Whether you are a public health professional, a student, or simply interested in vector ecology, this book serves as a vital resource for understanding and combating dengue in an ever-evolving landscape.
Print length148 pages (xvi+132)
LanguageEnglish (Original)
Dimensions156 x 10 x 234 mm | 6.14" x 0.39" x 9.21" (Paperback)
156 x 14 x 234 mm | 6.14" x 0.55" x 9.21" (Hardback)
Weight294g | 10.37oz (Paperback)
466g | 16.44oz (Hardback)
Media11 illustrations
THEMA
  • MBNS
  • MBN
  • RNPG
  • MJCJ
BISAC
  • MED028000
  • MED078000
  • MED022090
  • MED097000
  • SCI025000
  • SCI013080
Keywords
  • Mosquito-borne Diseases
  • Dengue Virus
  • Vector-Borne Infections
  • Climate Change and Health
  • Disease Outbreaks
  • Public Health Epidemiology
Contents

1. Introduction

(pp. 1–2)
  • Roberto Barrera

2. Dengue Vectors

(pp. 3–16)
  • Roberto Barrera

3. Aedes Transmitted Virus (ATV) Cycles

(pp. 17–20)
  • Roberto Barrera

4. Risk of ATVs in the US and Territories

(pp. 21–30)
  • Roberto Barrera

5. Dengue Vector Surveillance

(pp. 31–48)
  • Roberto Barrera

6. Dengue Vector Control

(pp. 49–72)
  • Roberto Barrera

7. Dengue Vector Management in Dengue Outbreaks

(pp. 73–86)
  • Roberto Barrera

8. Personal Protection Against Mosquito Bites and Recommendations for Improving Surveillance and Control

(pp. 87–92)
  • Roberto Barrera
Contributors

Roberto Barrera

(author)

Roberto Barrera, PhD, is a researcher specializing in mosquito ecology, with a focus on disease-vector ecology, control strategies, and the eco-epidemiology of diseases caused by vector-borne pathogens. He earned his bachelor’s degree in Biology, majoring in Ecology, from the Central University of Venezuela, where he initiated his research on urban mosquito ecology. Dr Barrera pursued his PhD in Ecology at the Pennsylvania State University, focusing on mosquito ecology. He was a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Florida, studying biotic interactions among Aedes mosquitoes. After retiring as a meritorious Professor at the Central University of Venezuela, Dr Barrera joined the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as the Team Lead of the Entomology and Ecology Activity at the Dengue Branch in Puerto Rico. His current work involves investigating the ecology and control of dengue vectors. Throughout his career, Dr Barrera has received numerous awards for his outstanding contributions to public health practice and programme evaluation. He has also helped various countries during epidemics and natural disasters across different world regions. With over 120 peer-reviewed scientific articles, a book chapter, guidelines on vector surveillance and control, and extensive participation in conferences and workshops, Dr Barrera is widely recognized for his expertise in the field of ecological studies and control measures related to vector-borne pathogens.

References
  1. Acevedo V, Amador M, Barrera R. Improving the safety and acceptability of Autocidal Gravid Ovitraps (AGO traps). J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2021;37(2):61–7, https://doi.org/10.2987/21-6996.1
  2. Adams B, Boots M. How important is vertical transmission in mosquitoes for the persistence of dengue? Insights from a mathematical model. Epidemics. 2010;2:1–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2010.01.001
  3. Adams LE, Martin SW, Lindsey NP, Lehman JA, Rivera A, Kolsin J, Landry K, Staples JE, Sharp TM, Paz-Bailey G, Fischer M. Epidemiology of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus disease in U.S. states and territories, 2017. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;101(4):884–90, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0309
  4. Agudelo-Silva F, Spielman A. Paradoxical effects of simulated larviciding on production of adult mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1984;33(6):1267–1269, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1984.33.1267
  5. Ahmed M, Pollak NM, Hugo LE, van den Hurk AF, Hobson-Peters J, Macdonald J. Rapid molecular assays for the detection of the four dengue viruses in infected mosquitoes. Gates Open Res. 2022;6:81, https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13534.2
  6. Alexander N, Lenhart AE, Romero-Vivas CME, Barbazan P, Morrison AC, Barrera R, et al. Sample sizes for identifying the key types of container occupied by dengue-vector pupae: the use of entropy in analyses of compositional data. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2006;100:S5–16, https://doi.org/10.1179/136485906X105471
  7. Ali A, Nayar JK, Xue R. Comparative toxicity of selected larvicides and insect growth regulators to a Florida laboratory population of Aedes albopictus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1995;11(1):72–6
  8. Alphey L, McKemey A, Nimmo D, Neira Oviedo M, Lacroix R, Matzen K, et al. Genetic control of Aedes mosquitoes. Pathog Glob Health. 2013;107(4):170–9, https://doi.org/10.1179/2047773213Y.0000000095
  9. Amarakoon D, Chen A, Rawlins S, Chadee DD, Taylor M, Stennett R. Dengue epidemics in the Caribbean-temperature indices to gauge the potential for onset of dengue. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang. 2008;13(4):341–57, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-007-9114-5
  10. Anderson AL, Apperson CS, Knake R. Effectiveness of mist-blower applications of malathion and permethrin to foliage as barrier sprays for salt marsh mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1991;7(1):116–7.
  11. Anez G, Rios M. Dengue in the United States of America: a worsening scenario? Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013, https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/678645
  12. Anyamba A, Chretien JP, Britch SC, Soebiyanto RP, Small JL, Jepsen R, Forshey BM, Sanchez JL, Smith RD, Harris R, Tucker CJ. Global disease outbreaks associated with the 2015-2016 El Niño event. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1930, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-38034-z
  13. Arima Y, Edelstein ZR, Hana HK, Matsui T. Epidemiologic update on the dengue situation in the Western Pacific Region, 2011. Western Pac Surveill Response. 2013;4(2):47–54, https://doi.org/10.5365/WPSAR.2012.3.4.019
  14. Asish PR, Dasgupta S, Rachel G, Bagepally BS, Girish Kumar CP. Global prevalence of asymptomatic dengue infections - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2023;134:292–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2023.07.010
  15. Aubry M, Teissier A, Roche C, Richard V, Yan AS, Zisou K, et al. Chikungunya outbreak, French Polynesia, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(4):724–6, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2104.141741
  16. Azil AH, Li M, R. WC. Dengue vector surveillance programmes: a review of methodological diversity in some endemic and epidemic countries. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2011;23:827–42, https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539511426595
  17. Azil AH, Long SA, Ritchie SA, Williams CR. The development of predictive tools for pre-emptive dengue vector control: a study of Aedes aegypti abundance and meteorological variables in North Queensland, Australia. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15(10):1190–7, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02592.x
  18. Bailey SF, Bohart RM. A mosquito suryey and control programme in Guam. J Econ Entomol. 1953;45(6):947–52.
  19. Ball TS, Ritchie SR. Evaluation of BG-sentinel trap trapping efficacy for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in a visually competitive environment. J Med Entomol. 2010;47(4):657–63, https://doi.org/10.1603/me09242
  20. Bangs MJ, Pudiantari R, Gionar YR. Persistence of dengue virus RNA in dried Aedes aegypti (Diptera : Culicidae) exposed to natural tropical conditions. J Med Entomol. 2007;44(1):163–7, https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[163:podvri]2.0.co;2
  21. Bargielowski IE, Lounibos LP. Satyrization and satyrization-resistance in competitive displacements of invasive mosquito species. Insect Sci. 2015;23(2):162–74, https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7917.12291
  22. Barrera R. Competition and resistance to starvation in larvae of container-inhabiting Aedes mosquitoes. Ecol. Entomol. 1996;21(2):117–27, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1996.tb01178.x
  23. Barrera R. Simplified pupal surveys of Aedes aegypti (L.) for entomologic surveillance and dengue control. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;81(1):100–7, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2009.81.100
  24. Barrera R. Dinámica del dengue y Aedes aegypti in Puerto Rico. Rev Biomédica. 2010;21:179–95.
  25. Barrera R. Spatial stability of adult Aedes aegypti populations. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;85(6):1087–92, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0381
  26. Barrera R. [Dengue and chikungunya vector control: Is it necessary to re-examine present strategies?]. Biomédica. 2015a;35(3):297–9, https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v35i3
  27. Barrera R. Considerations for disrupting dengue virus transmission: ecology of Aedes aegypti and current (non genetic) methods of control. In: Adelman ZN, editor. Genetic Control of Malaria and Dengue (Oxford: Academic Press, 2015b, pp. 103–24).
  28. Barrera R. Recomendaciones para el monitoreo de Aedes aegypti. Biomédica. 2016;36(3):454–462, https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v36i3.2892
  29. Barrera R. New tools for Aedes control: mass trapping. Curr Opin Insect Sci. 2022;52:100942, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2022.100942
  30. Barrera R, Acevedo V, Amador M, Marzan M, Adams LE, Paz-Bailey G. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effects on local weather, arboviral diseases, and dynamics of managed and unmanaged populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Puerto Rico. J Med Entomol. 2023;60(4):796–807, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjad053
  31. Barrera R, Acevedo V, Felix GE, Hemme RR, Vazquez J, Munoz JL, et al. Impact of Autocidal Gravid Ovitraps on chikungunya virus incidence in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in areas with and without traps. J Med Entomol. 2017;54(2):387–95, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw187
  32. Barrera R, Amador M, Acevedo V, Beltran M, Muñoz JL. A comparison of mosquito densities, weather and infection rates of Aedes aegypti during the first epidemics of chikungunya (2014) and Zika (2016) in areas with and without vector control in Puerto Rico. Med Vet Entomol. 2019a;33(1):68–77, https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12338
  33. Barrera R, Amador M, Acevedo V, Caban B, Felix G, Mackay A. Use of the CDC Autocidal Gravid Ovitrap to control and prevent outbreaks of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 2014;51(1):145–54, https://doi.org/10.1603/me13096
  34. Barrera R, Amador M, Acevedo V, Hemme RR, Felix G. Sustained, area-wide control of Aedes aegypti using CDC autocidal gravid ovitraps. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014a;91(6):1269–76, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0426
  35. Barrera R, Amador M, Clark GG. The use of household bleach to control Aedes aegypti. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2004;20(4):444–8.
  36. Barrera R, Amador M, Clark GG. Sample-size requirements for developing strategies, based on the pupal/demographic survey, for the targeted control of dengue. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2006a;100(suppl 1):S33–S43, https://doi.org/10.1179/136485906X105499
  37. Barrera R, Amador M, Clark GG. Use of the pupal survey technique for measuring Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) productivity in Puerto Rico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006b;74(2):290–302, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.290
  38. Barrera R, Amador M, Diaz A, Smith J, Munoz-Jordan JL, Rosario Y. Unusual productivity of Aedes aegypti in septic tanks and its implications for dengue control. Med Vet Entomol. 2008;22(1):62–9, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00720.x
  39. Barrera R, Amador M, MacKay AJ. Population dynamics of Aedes aegypti and dengue as influenced by weather and human behavior in San Juan, Puerto Rico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(12):e1378, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001378
  40. Barrera R, Amador M, Munoz J, Acevedo V. Integrated vector control of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes around target houses. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11(1):88, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2596-4
  41. Barrera R, Avila J, Gonzalez-tellez S. Unreliable supply of potable water and elevated Aedes aegypti larval indexes - a causal relationship. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1993;9(2):189–95.
  42. Barrera R, Avila J, Navarro JC. Population dynamics of Aedes aegypti (L.) in urban areas with deficient supply of potable water. Acta Biol Venez. 1996;16:23–35.
  43. Barrera R, Bingham AM, Hassan HK, Amador M, Mackay AJ, Unnasch TR. Vertebrate hosts of Aedes aegypti and Aedes mediovittatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in rural Puerto Rico. J Med Entomol. 2012;49(4):917–21, https://doi.org/10.1603/me12046
  44. Barrera R, Delgado N, Jimenez M, Valero S. Eco-epidemiological factors associated with hyperendemic dengue hemorrhagic fever in Maracay City, Venezuela. Dengue Bull. 2002;26:84–95.
  45. Barrera R, Delgado N, Jimenez M, Villalobos I, Romero I. [Stratification of a hyperendemic city in hemorrhagic dengue]. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2000;8(4):225–33, https://doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892000000900001
  46. Barrera R, Felix G, Acevedo V, Amador M, Rodriguez D, Rivera L, Gonzalez O, Nazario N, Ortiz M, Muñoz-Jordan JL, Waterman SH. Impacts of Hurricanes Irma and Maria on Aedes aegypti populations, aquatic habitats, and mosquito infections with dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses in Puerto Rico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019b;100(6):1413–1420, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0015
  47. Barrera R, Harris A, Hemme RR, Felix G, Nazario N, Muñoz-Jordan JL, et al. Citywide control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) during the 2016 Zika epidemic by integrating community awareness, education, source reduction, larvicides, and mass mosquito trapping. J Med Entomol. 2019c;56(4):1033–46, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz009
  48. Barrera R, Mackay AJ, Amador M. A novel autocidal ovitrap for the surveillance and control of Aedes aegypti. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2013a;29:293–6, https://doi.org/10.2987/13-6345R.1
  49. Barrera R, Mackay AJ, Amador M. An improved trap to capture adult container-inhabiting mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2013b;29:358–68, https://doi.org/10.2987/13-6343.1
  50. Barrera R, Medialdea V. Development time and resistance to starvation of mosquito larvae. J Nat Hist. 1996;30:447–58, https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939600770231
  51. Barrera R, Navarro JC, Mora JD, Dominguez D, Gonzalez J. Public service deficiencies and Aedes aegypti breeding sites in Venezuela. Bull Pan Am Health Organ. 1995;29(3):193–205.
  52. Barrera R, Ruiz J, Adams LE, Marzan-Rodriguez M, Paz-Bailey G. Historical hot spots of dengue and Zika viruses to guide targeted vector control in San Juan, Puerto Rico (2010-2022). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2024;110(4):731–737, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.23-0627
  53. Bellini R, Medici A, Puggioli A, Balestrino F, Carrieri M. Pilot field trials with Aedes albopictus irradiated sterile males in Italian urban areas. J Med Entomol. 2013;50(2):317–25, https://doi.org/10.1603/me12048
  54. Bennett JK, Hickman AD, Kline MA, McGinnis MW, Weissmann MJ, Bennett JK, et al. New state record for the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse). J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2005;21(4):341–3, https://doi.org/10.2987/8756-971X(2006)21[341:NSRFTA]2.0.CO;2
  55. Bhalala H, Arias JR. The Zumba mosquito trap and BG-Sentinel trap: novel surveillance tools for host-seeking mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2009;25(2):134–9, https://doi.org/10.2987/08-5821.1
  56. Bibbs CS, Anderson CS, Smith ML, Xue R-D. Direct and indirect efficacy of truck-mounted applications of s-methoprene against Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Int J Pest Manag. 2018;64(1):19–26, https://doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2017.1293308
  57. Black WCI, Rai KS, Turco BJ, Arroyo DC. Laboratory study of competition between Unites States strains of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 1989;26(4):260–71, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/26.4.260
  58. Bouri N, Sell TK, Franco C, Adalja AA, Henderson DA, Hynes NA. Return of epidemic dengue in the United States: implications for the public health practitioner. Public Health Rep. 2012;127(3):259–66, https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491212700305
  59. Boyce R, Lenhart A, Kroeger A, Velayudhan R, Roberts B, Horstick O. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) for the control of dengue vectors: systematic literature review. Trop Med Int Health. 2013;18(5):564–77, https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12087
  60. Braga IA, Mello CB, Montella IR, Lima JBP, Junior AJM, Medeiros PFV, et al. Effectiveness of methoprene, an insect growth regulator, against temephos-resistant Aedes aegypti populations from different Brazilian localities, under laboratory conditions. J Med Entomol. 2005;42(5):830–7, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/42.5.830
  61. Brathwaite O, Martin JLS, Montoya HR, Zambrano B, Dayan GH. The history of dengue outbreaks in the Americas. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;1:94, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0770
  62. Brogdon WG, McAllister JC. Simplification of adult mosquito bioassays through use of time-mortality determinations in glass bottles. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1998;14(2):159–64.
  63. Brown A. Yellow Fever, Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever. A World Geography of Human Diseases (London: Academic Press, 1977a, pp. 271–316).
  64. Brown AWA. World Wide Surveillance of Aedes aegypti (Visalia, CA: CMCA Press, 1977b, pp. 271–316).
  65. Burke RL, Barrera R, Kluchinsky T, Lewis M, Claborn DM. Examination of a miniaturized funnel trap for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larval sampling. J Med Entomol. 2010;47(6):1231–4, https://doi.org/10.1603/me10112
  66. Burkhalter KL, Lindsay R, Anderson R, Dibernardo A, Fong W, Nasci RS. Evaluation of commercial assays for detecting West Nile virus antigen. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2006;22(1):64–9, https://doi.org/10.2987/8756-971X(2006)22[64:EOCAFD]2.0.CO;2
  67. Burkhalter KL, Savage HM. Detection of Zika Virus in desiccated mosquitoes by real-time reverse transcription PCR and plaque assay. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(4):680–1, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2304.161772
  68. Burkot TR, Handzel T, Schmaedick MA, Tufa J, Roberts JM, Graves PM. Productivity of natural and artificial containers for Aedes polynesiensis and Aedes aegypti in four American Samoan villages. Med Vet Entomol. 2007;21(1):22–9, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2007.00667.x
  69. Burkot TR, Melrose WD, Durrheim DN, Speare R, Ichimori K. Impact of Mass Drug Administration on Aedes-Transmitted Filariasis in the Pacific (Geneva, Switzerland: TDR/WHO, 2005).
  70. Camargo S. History of Aedes aegypti eradication in the Americas. Bull WHO. 1967;36(4):602-603).
  71. Carrieri M, Angelini P, Venturelli C, Maccagnani B, Bellini R. Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Population size survey in the 2007 chikungunya outbreak area in Italy. II: estimating epidemic thresholds. J Med Entomol. 2012;49(2):388–99, https://doi.org/10.1603/ME10259
  72. Carter HR. Yellow Fever. An Epidemiologic and Historical Study of Its Place of Origin (Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Co, 1931), https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.378
  73. Casas-Martinez M, Orozco-Bonilla A, Munoz-Reyes M, Ulloa-Garcia A, Bond JG, Valle-Mora J, et al. A new tent trap for monitoring the daily activity of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. J Vector Ecol. 2013;38(2):277–88, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7134.2013.12041.x
  74. CDC. CONUS Manual for Evaluating Insecticide Resistance in Mosquitoes Using the CDC Bottle Bioassay Kit. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020), https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/pdfs/conus-508.pdf
  75. CDC. Dengue. Life cycle of Aedes mosquitoes [Internet]. CDC;2024a [cited 19 May 2025], https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-Aedes-mosquitoes.html#cdc_generic_section_3-fact-sheets
  76. CDC. Dengue. Preventing mosquito bites [Internet]. CDC;2024b [cited 19 May 2025], https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/prevention/index.html#:~:text=Use%20Environmental%20Protection%20Agency%20.
  77. CDC Dengue. Current year data (2025) [Internet]. CDC;2025a [cited 19 May 2025], https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/data-research/facts-stats/current-data.html
  78. CDC Dengue. Historic data (2010-2024) [Internet]. CDC;2025b [cited 19 May 2025], https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/data-research/facts-stats/historic-data.html
  79. CDC Dengue. Preventing dengue [Internet]. CDC;2025c [cited 19 May 2025], https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/prevention/index.html
  80. Chadee DD. Impact of pre-seasonal focal treatment on population densities of the mosquito Aedes aegypti in Trinidad, West Indies: A preliminary study. Acta Trop. 2009;109(3):236–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.12.001
  81. Chadee DD, Ritchie SA. Oviposition behaviour and parity rates of Aedes aegypti collected in sticky traps in Trinidad, West Indies. Acta Trop. 2010;116(3):212–6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.08.008
  82. Challet GL. Elements of a vector control programme. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1991;7(1):103–6.
  83. Chambers EW, McClintock SK, Avery MF, King JD, Bradley MH, Schmaedick MA, et al. Xenomonitoring of Wuchereria bancrofti and Dirofilaria immitis infections in mosquitoes from American Samoa: trapping considerations and a comparison of Polymerase chain reaction assays with dissection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80(5):774–81, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2009.80.774
  84. Chan KL, Ho BC, Chan YC. Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Singapore City. 2. Larval habitats. Bull WHO. 1971;44:629–33.
  85. Chan M, Johansson MA. The Incubation periods of dengue viruses. PLoS One. 2012;7(11), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050972
  86. Chandler AC. Factors influencing the uneven distribution of Aedes aegypti in Texas cities. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1945;25(2):145–9, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1945.s1-25.145
  87. Chandra G, Bhattacharjee I, Chatterjee SN, Ghosh A. Mosquito control by larvivorous fish. Indian J Med Res. 2008;127(1):13–27.
  88. Chen CF, Shu PY, Teng HJ, Su CL, Wu JW, Wang JH, et al. Screening of dengue virus in field-caught Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) by one-step SYBR green-based reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay during 2004-2007 in Southern Taiwan. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2010;10(10):1017–25, https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2008.0069
  89. Chow VTK, Chan YC, Yong R, Lee KM, Lim LK, Chung YK, et al. Monitoring of dengue viruses in field-caught Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes by a type-specific Polymerase chain reaction and Cycle Sequencing. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;58(5):578–86, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1998.58.578
  90. Christophers SR. Aedes aegypti, the Yellow Fever Mosquito: Its Life History, Bionomics, and Structure (London: Cambridge University Press, 1960).
  91. Chung YK, Pang FY. Dengue virus infection rate in field populations of female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Singapore. Trop Med Int Health. 2002;7(4):322–30, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00873.x
  92. Cilek JE. Application of insecticides to vegetation as barriers against host-seeking mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2008;24(1):172–6, https://doi.org/10.2987/8756-971X(2008)24[172:AOITVA]2.0.CO;2
  93. Clark G. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in Northern Mexico and South Texas: do they really respect the border? Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;78:361–2, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.361
  94. Clark GG, Seda H, Gubler DJ. Use of the “CDC backpack aspirator” for surveillance of Aedes aegypti in San Juan, Puerto Rico. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1994;10(1):119–24.
  95. Connor M, Monroe W. Stegomyia indices and their value in yellow fever control. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1923;3(1):9–19.
  96. Corbel V, Kont MD, Ahumada ML, Andréo L, Bayili B, Bayili K, et al. A new WHO bottle bioassay method to assess the susceptibility of mosquito vectors to public health insecticides: results from a WHO-coordinated multi-centre study. Parasit Vectors. 2023;16(1):21, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05554-7
  97. Costero A, Attardo GM, Scott TW, Edman JD. An experimental study on the detection of fructose in Aedes aegypti. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1998;14(3):234–42.
  98. Cox J, Grillet ME, Ramos OM, Amador M, Barrera R. Habitat segregation of dengue vectors along an urban environmental gradient. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;76(5):820–6, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.820
  99. Crawford JE, Clarke DW, Criswell V, Desnoyer M, Cornel D, Deegan B, et al. Efficient production of male Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes enables large-scale suppression of wild populations. Nat Biotechnol. 2020;38(4):482–92, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-020-0471-x
  100. Degallier N, Servain J, Lucio PS, Hannart A, Durand B, de Souza RN, Ribeiro ZM. The influence of local environment on the aging and mortality of Aedes aegypti (L.): case study in Fortaleza-CE, Brazil. J Vector Ecol. 2012;37(2):428–41, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7134.2012.00247.x
  101. Donnelly MAP, Kluh S, Snyder RE, Barker CM. Quantifying sociodemographic heterogeneities in the distribution of Aedes aegypti among California households. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14(7):e0008408, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008408
  102. Dunbar MW, Correa-Morales F, Dzul-Manzanilla F, Medina-Barreiro A, Bibiano-Marín W, Morales-Ríos E, et al. Efficacy of novel indoor residual spraying methods targeting pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti within experimental houses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(2):e0007203, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007203
  103. Duncombe J, Lau C, Weinstein P, Aaskov J, Rourke M, Grant R, et al. Seroprevalence of dengue in American Samoa, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(2):324–6, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1902.120464
  104. Dzul-Manzanilla F, Correa-Morales F, Che-Mendoza A, Palacio-Vargas J, Sánchez-Tejeda G, González-Roldan JF, et al. Identifying urban hotspots of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika transmission in Mexico to support risk stratification efforts: a spatial analysis. Lancet Planet Health. 2021;5(5):e277–e85, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00030-9
  105. Eamchan P, Nisalak A, Foy HM, Chareonsook OA. Epidemiology and control of dengue virus infections in Thai villages in 1987. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1989;41:95–101, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.95
  106. Effler PV, Pang L, Kitsutani P, Vorndam V, Nakata M, Ayers T, Elm J, Tom T, Reiter P, Rigau-Perez JG, Hayes JM. Dengue fever, Hawaii, 2001-2002. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(5):742–9, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1105.041063
  107. Ehrenkranz NJ, Ventura AK, Cuadrado RR, Pond WL, Porter JE. Pandemic dengue in Caribbean countries and the southern United States--past, present and potential problems. N Engl J Med. 1971;285(26):1460–9, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197112232852606
  108. Eiras AE, Buhagiar TS, Ritchie SA. Development of the gravid Aedes trap for the capture of adult female container-exploiting mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 2014;51(1):200–9, https://doi.org/10.1603/me13104
  109. Endy TP, Anderson KB, Nisalak A, Yoon IK, Green S, Rothman AL, et al. Determinants of inapparent and symptomatic dengue infection in a prospective study of primary school children in Kamphaeng Phet, Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(3): e975, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000975
  110. EPA. Methoprene: Environmental Protection Agency;2025a [cited May 19, 2025]. Available from: https://search.epa.gov/epasearch/?querytext=methoprene&areaname=&areacontacts=&areasearchurl=&typeofsearch=epa&result_template=#/.
  111. EPA. U.S. Insect repellents: Environmental Protection Agency;2025b [cited 19 May 2025]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents
  112. Facchinelli L, Badolo A, McCall PJ. Biology and behaviour of Aedes aegypti in the human environment: opportunities for vector control of arbovirus transmission. Viruses. 2023;15(3):636, https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030636
  113. Facchinelli L, Valerio L, Pombi M, Reiter P, Constantini C, Della Torre A. Development of a novel sticky trap for container breeding mosquitoes and evaluation of its sampling properties to monitor urban populations of Aedes albopictus. Med Vet Entomol. 2007;21:183–95, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2007.00680.x
  114. Farajollahi A, Price DC. A rapid identification guide for larvae of the most common North American container-inhabiting Aedes species of medical importance. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2013;29(3):203–21, https://doi.org/10.2987/11-6198R.1
  115. Farajollahi A, Healy S, Unlu I, Gaugler R, Fonseca D. Effectiveness of ultra-low volume nighttime applications of an adulticide against diurnal Aedes albopictus, a critical vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49181, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049181
  116. Farajollahi A, Williams G, Condon G, Kesavaraju B, Unlu I, Gaugler R. Assessment of a direct application of two Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis formulations for immediate and residual control of Aedes albopictus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2013;29(4):385–8, https://doi.org/10.2987/13-6332.1
  117. Farajollahi A, Kesavaraju B, Price DC, Williams GM, Healy SP, Gaugler R, et al. Field efficacy of BG-Sentinel and industry-standard traps for Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and West Nile virus surveillance. J Med Entomol. 2009;46(4):919–25, https://doi.org/10.1603/033.046.0426
  118. Fay RW. A trap based on visual responses of adult mosquitoes. Mosq News. 1968;28:1–7.
  119. Fay RW, Eliason DA. A preferred oviposition site as a surveillance method for Aedes aegypti. Mosq News. 1966;26(4):531–5.
  120. Fay RW, Prince WH. A modified visual trap for Aedes aegypti. Mosq News. 1970;30(1):20–3.
  121. Fitzmaurice GM, Laird NM, Ware JW. Applied Longitudinal Analysis (Boston, MA: John Wiley & Sons, 2011, p. 701).
  122. Flores A, Ponce G, Silva B, Gutierrez S, Bobadilla C, Lopez B, et al. Widespread cross resistance to pyrethroids in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Veracruz state Mexico. J Econom Entomol. 2013;106(2):959–69, https://doi.org/10.1603/ec12284
  123. FMEL. Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory. Mosquito guide [Internet]. University of Florida; [cited 19 May 2025], https://fmel.ifas.ufl.edu/mosquito-guide/
  124. Focks DA. A Review of Entomological Sampling Methods and Indicators for Dengue Vectors (Geneva, Switzerland: TDR/WHO, TDR/IDE/DEN/03.1. 2003), https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/204934/B0219.pdf?sequence=1#page=233
  125. Focks D. Toxorhynchites as biocontrol agents. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2007;23(suppl 2):118–27, https://doi.org/10.2987/8756-971x(2007)23[118:taba]2.0.co;2
  126. Focks DA, Bangs MJ, Churchc C, Juffried M, Sustriayu Nalime S. Transmission thresholds and pupal/demographic surveys in Yogyakarta, Indonesia for developing a dengue control strategy based on targeting epidemiologically significant types of water-holding containers. Dengue Bull. 2007;31:83–102.
  127. Focks D, Barrera R. Dengue Transmission Dynamics: Assessment and Implications for Control (Geneva, Switzerland: TDR/WHO, 2007).
  128. Focks DA, Brenner RJ, Hayes J, Daniels E. Transmission thresholds for dengue in terms of Aedes aegypti pupae per person with discussion of their utility in source reduction efforts. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000;62(1):11–8, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.11
  129. Focks DA, Chadee DD. Pupal survey: An epidemiologically significant surveillance method for Aedes aegypti: An example using data from Trinidad. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;56(2):159–67, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1997.56.159
  130. Fonseca DM, Unlu I, Crepeau T, Farajollahi A, Healy SP, Bartlett-Healy K, et al. Area-wide management of Aedes albopictus. Part 2: Gauging the efficacy of traditional integrated pest control measures against urban container mosquitoes. Pest Manag Sci. 2013. 69(12):1351–61, https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3511
  131. Fontoura N, Bellinato D, Valle D, Pereira Lima J. The efficacy of a chitin synthesis inhibitor against field populations of organophosphate-resistant Aedes aegypti in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2012;107(3):387–95, https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762012000300014
  132. Franz AW, Clem RJ, Passarelli AL. Novel genetic and molecular tools for the investigation and control of dengue virus transmission by mosquitoes. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2014;1(1):21–31, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-013-0007-2
  133. Freier JE, Francy DB. A duplex cone trap for the collection of adult Aedes albopictus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1991;7(1):73–9.
  134. Garcia-Rejon J, Lorono-Pino MA, Farfan-Ale JA, Flores-Flores L, Rosado-Paredes ED, Rivero-Cardenas N, et al. Dengue virus-infected Aedes aegypti in the home environment. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;79(6):940–50, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2008.79.940
  135. Garcia-Rejon JE, Lorono-Pino MA, Farfan-Ale JA, Flores-Flores LF, Lopez-Uribe MP, Najera-Vazquez MD, et al. Mosquito infestation and dengue virus infection in Aedes aegypti females in schools in Merida, Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84(3):489–96, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0654
  136. Garcia KKS, Versiani HS, Araújo TO, Conceição JPA, Obara MT, Ramalho WM, et al. Measuring mosquito control: adult-mosquito catches vs egg-trap data as endpoints of a cluster-randomized controlled trial of mosquito-disseminated pyriproxyfen. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13(1):352, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04221-z
  137. Garza-Robledo AA, Martinez-Perales JF, Rodriguez-Castro VA, Quiroz-Martinez H. Effectiveness of spinosad and temephos for the control of mosquito larvae at a tire dump in Allende, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2011;27(4):404–7, https://doi.org/10.2987/11-6133.1
  138. Getis A, Morrison AC, Gray K, Scott TW. Characteristics of the spatial pattern of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, in Iquitos, Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;69(5):494–505, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.494
  139. Gilbertson WE. Sanitary aspects of the control of the 1943-1944 epidemic of dengue fever in Honolulu. [not specified]. Am J Public Health. 1945;35(3):261-270, https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.35.3.261
  140. Gill SS, Cowles EA, Pietrantonio PV. The mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins. Ann Rev Entomol. 1992;37:615–36, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.003151
  141. Gloria-Soria A, Faraji A, Hamik J, White G, Amsberry S, Donahue M, et al. Origins of high latitude introductions of Aedes aegypti to Nebraska and Utah during 2019. Infect Genet Evol. 2022;103:105333, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105333
  142. Gomes ADC, Da Silva NN, Bernal RTI, Leandro ADS, De Camargo NJ, Da Silva AM, et al. Specificity of the Adultrap for capturing females of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). [Portuguese]. Rev Soc Brasileira Med Trop. 2007;40(2):216–9, https://doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822007000200014
  143. Gonzalez Obando R, Gamboa F, Perafan O, Suarez MF, Montoya J. Experiencia de un análisis entomológico de criaderos de Aedes aegypti y Culex quinquefasciatus en Cali, Colombia. Rev Colomb Entomol. 2007;33:148–56, http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-04882007000200011&lng=en&nrm=iso>. ISSN 0120-0488
  144. Gratz NG. Critical review of the vector status of Aedes albopictus. Med Vet Entomol. 2004;18(3):215–27, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.00513.x
  145. Grieco JP, Achee NL, Chareonviriyaphap T, Suwonkerd W, Chauhan K, Sardelis MR, et al. A new classification system for the actions of IRS chemicals traditionally used for malaria control. PLoS One. 2007;2(8):e716, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000716
  146. Gubler DJ. Dengue. In: Monath TP, editor. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1988).
  147. Gubler DJ, Novak RJ, Vergne E, Colon NA, Velez M, Fowler J. Aedes (Gymnometopa) mediovittatus (Diptera: Culicidae), a potential maintenance vector of dengue viruses in Puerto Rico. J Med Entomol. 1985;22(5):469–75, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/22.5.469
  148. Hahn MB, Eisen L, McAllister J, Savage HM, Mutebi JP, Eisen RJ. Updated reported distribution of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the United States, 1995-2016. J Med Entomol. 2017;54(5):1420–4, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjx088
  149. Halstead SB, Scanlon JE, Umpaivit P, Udomsakdi S. Dengue and chikungunya virus infection in man in Thailand, 1962-1964. IV. Epidemiologic studies in the Bangkok metropolitan area. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1969;18(6):997–1021, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1969.18.997
  150. Hapairai LK, Mysore K, James LD, Scheel ND, Realey JS, Sun L, et al. Evaluation of large volume yeast interfering RNA lure-and-kill ovitraps for attraction and control of Aedes mosquitoes. Med Vet Entomol. 2021;35(3):361–70, https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12504
  151. Harrison BA, Callahan MC, Watts DM, Panthusiri L. An efficient floating larval trap for sampling Aedes aegypti populations (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 1982;19:722–7, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/19.6.722
  152. Hasty JM, Felix GE, Amador M, Barrera R, Santiago GS, Nakasone L, Park SY, Okoji S, Honda E, Asuncion B, Save M. Entomological investigation detects dengue virus Type 1 in Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) during the 2015-16 outbreak in Hawaii. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;102(4):869–75, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0732
  153. Hawley WA. The biology of Aedes albopictus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1988;4(1):1–40.
  154. Hayes JM, Rigau-Pérez JG, Reiter P, Effler PV, Pang L, Vorndam V, Hinten SR, Mark KE, Myers MF, Street K, Bergau L. Risk factors for infection during a dengue-1 outbreak in Maui, Hawaii, 2001. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006;100(6):559–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.08.013
  155. Hayes RO, Kitaguchi GE, Mann RM. The CDC sweeper a six volt mechanical aspirator for collecting adult mosquitoes. Mosq News. 1967;27:359–63.
  156. Healy JM, Burgess MC, Chen TH, Hancock WT, Toews KE, Anesi MS, et al. Notes from the field: Outbreak of Zika virus disease - American Samoa, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(41):1146–7, https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6541a4
  157. Hemme RR, Smith EA, Felix G, White BJ, Diaz-Garcia MI, Rodriguez D, et al. Multi-year mass-trapping with autocidal gravid ovitraps has limited influence on insecticide susceptibility in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Puerto Rico. J Med Entomol. 2022;59(1):314–9, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab162
  158. Hemme RR, Vizcaino L, Harris AF, Felix G, Kavanaugh M, Kenney JL, et al. Rapid screening of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes for susceptibility to insecticides as part of Zika emergency response, Puerto Rico. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(10):1959–61, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2510.181847
  159. Hernandez-Avila J, Rodriguez M-H, Sanchez Castaneda V, Roman Perez S, Rodriguez M-H, Santos Luna R, et al. Nation-wide, web-based, geographic information system for the integrated surveillance and control of dengue fever in Mexico. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e70231, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070231
  160. Hills SL, Piispanen JP, Humphreys JL, Foley PN. A focal, rapidly-controlled outbreak of dengue fever in two suburbs in Townsville, North Queensland, 2001. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2002;26(4):596–600.
  161. Hobbs JH, Hughes EA, Eichold BH, 2nd. Replacement of Aedes aegypti by Aedes albopictus in Mobile, Alabama. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1991;7(3):488–9.
  162. Hoffmann AA, Montgomery BL, Popovici J, Iturbe-Ormaetxe I, Johnson PH, Muzzi F, et al. Successful establishment of Wolbachia in Aedes populations to suppress dengue transmission. Nature. 2011;476(7361):454–7, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10356
  163. Hopp MJ, Foley JA. Global-scale relationships between climate and the dengue fever vector, Aedes aegypti. Clim Chang. 2001;48:441–63.
  164. Hribar LJ, Boehmler MB, Murray HL, Pruszynski CA, Leal AL. Mosquito surveillance and insecticide resistance monitoring conducted by the Florida Keys Mosquito Control District, Monroe County, Florida, USA. Insects. 2022;13(10):927, https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13100927
  165. Hribar L, Whiteside M. Seasonal habitat use by immature Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Florida Keys, USA. Stud Dipterologica. 2010;17:237–51.
  166. Huerta H, González-Roldán JF, Sánchez-Tejeda G, Correa-Morales F, Romero-Contreras FE, Cárdenas-Flores R, et al. Detection of Zika virus in Aedes mosquitoes from Mexico. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2017;111(7):328–31, https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trx056
  167. Hugo LE, Cook PE, Johnson PH, Rapley LP, Kay BH, Ryan PA, Ritchie SA, O’Neill SL. Field validation of a transcriptional assay for the prediction of age of uncaged Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Northern Australia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(2):e608, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000608
  168. Hustedt JC, Boyce R, Bradley J, Hii J, Alexander N. Use of pyriproxyfen in control of Aedes mosquitoes: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14(6):e0008205, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008205
  169. Indriani C, Tanamas SK, Khasanah U, Ansari MR, Rubangi, Tantowijoyo W, et al. Impact of randomised wmel Wolbachia deployments on notified dengue cases and insecticide fogging for dengue control in Yogyakarta City. Glob Health Action. 2023;16(1):2166650, https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2023.2166650
  170. Iyaloo DP, Facknath S, Bheecarry A. Field evaluation of BG SentinelTM traps of four different black-and-white color combinations in Mauritius for enhanced Ae. albopictus mosquito collection. Int J Mosq Res. 2017;4:43–9.
  171. Jachowski Jr LA. Filariasis in American Samoa. V. Bionomics of the principal vector, Aedes polynesiensis Marks. Am J Epidemiol. 1954;60(2):186–203, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119712
  172. Jacups SP, Ball TS, Paton CJ, Johnson PH, Ritchie SA. Operational use of household bleach to “crash and release” Aedes aegypti prior to Wolbachia-infected mosquito release. J Med Entomol. 2013a;50(2):344–51, https://doi.org/10.1603/me12043. PMID: 23540123
  173. Jacups SP, Rapley LP, Johnson PH, Benjamin S, Ritchie SA. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis misting for control of Aedes in cryptic ground containers in North Queensland, Australia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013b;88(3):490–6, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.12-0385
  174. Johansson MA, Dominici F, Glass GE. Local and global effects of climate on dengue transmission in Puerto Rico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3(2):e382, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000382
  175. Johnson BJ, Brosch D, Christiansen A, Wells E, Wells M, Bhandoola AF, et al. Neighbors help neighbors control urban mosquitoes. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):15797, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34161-9
  176. Jones RC, Weaver KN, Smith S, Blanco C, Flores C, Gibbs K, et al. Use of the vector index and geographic information system to prospectively inform West Nile virus interventions. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2011;27(3):315–9, https://doi.org/10.2987/10-6098.1
  177. Juarez JG, Chaves LF, Garcia-Luna SM, Martin E, Badillo-Vargas I, Medeiros MCI, et al. Variable coverage in an Autocidal Gravid Ovitrap intervention impacts efficacy of Aedes aegypti control. J Appl Ecol. 2021;58(10):2075–86, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13951
  178. Juliano SA. Species introduction and replacement among mosquitoes: interspecific resource competition or apparent competition? Ecology. 1998;79(1):255–68, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0255:SIARAM]2.0.CO;2
  179. Jupp PG, Mclntosh BM. Chikungunya virus disease. In: Monath TP, editor. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, (Boca Raton, FL.: CRC Press, 1988), pp. 137–57.
  180. Jury MR. Climate influence on dengue epidemics in Puerto Rico. Int J Environ Health Res. 2008;18(5):323–34, https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120701849836
  181. Kan CC, Lee PF, Wen TH, Chao DY, Wu MH, Lin NH, et al. Two clustering diffusion patterns identified from the 2001-2003 dengue epidemic, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;79(3):344–52, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2008.79.344
  182. Kay BH, Cabral CP, Araujo DB, Ribeiro ZM, Braga PH, Sleigh AC. Evaluation of a funnel trap for collecting copepods and immature mosquitos from wells. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1992;8(4):372–5.
  183. Kay B, Nam VS. New strategy against Aedes aegypti in Vietnam. Lancet. 2005;365(9459):613–7, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17913-6
  184. Kay BH, Ryan PA, Russell BM, Holt JS, Lyons SA, Foley PN. The importance of subterranean mosquito habitat to arbovirus vector control strategies in North Queensland, Australia. J Med Entomol. 2000;37:846–53, https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-37.6.846
  185. Kenney JL, Burkhalter KL, Scott ML, McAllister J, Lang FE, Webster S, et al. Entomological investigations during early stages of a chikungunya outbreak in the United States Virgin Islands, 2014. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2017;33(1):8–15, https://doi.org/10.2987/16-6619.1
  186. Khan SU, Ogden NH, Fazil AA, Gachon PH, Dueymes GU, Greer AL, Ng V. Current and projected distributions of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Canada and the U.S. Environ Health Perspect. 2020;128(5):57007, https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5899
  187. Kilpatrick AM, Pape WJ. Predicting human West Nile virus infections with mosquito surveillance data. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178(5):829–35, https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt046
  188. Knols BG, Bukhari T, Farenhorst M. Entomopathogenic fungi as the next-generation control agents against malaria mosquitoes. Future Microbiol. 2010;5(3):339–41, https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.10.11
  189. Koyoc-Cardeña E, Medina-Barreiro A, Cohuo-Rodríguez A, Pavía-Ruz N, Lenhart A, Ayora-Talavera G, et al. Estimating absolute indoor density of Aedes aegypti using removal sampling. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12(1):250, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3503-y
  190. Kraemer MU, Reiner Jr RC, Brady OJ, Messina JP, Gilbert M, Pigott DM, Yi D, Johnson K, Earl L, Marczak LB, Shirude S. Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Nat Microbiol. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-019-0440-7
  191. Kretschmer M, Collins J, Dale AP, Garrett B, Koski L, Zabel K, et al. Notes from the field: first evidence of locally acquired dengue virus infection - Maricopa County, Arizona, November 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(11):290–1, https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7211a5
  192. Krockel U, Rose A, Eiras AE, Geier M. New tools for surveillance of adult yellow fever mosquitoes: comparison of trap catches with human landing rates in an urban environment. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2006;22(2):229–38, https://doi.org/10.2987/8756-971X(2006)22[229:NTFSOA]2.0.CO;2
  193. Kroeger A, Lenhart A, Ochoa M, Villegas E, Levy M, Alexander N, et al. Effective control of dengue vectors with curtains and water container covers treated with insecticide in Mexico and Venezuela: cluster randomised trials. BMJ. 2006;27;332(7552):1247–52, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.332.7552.1247
  194. Lambrechts L, Scott TW, Gubler DJ. Consequences of the expanding global distribution of Aedes albopictus for dengue virus transmission. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(5):e646, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000646
  195. Leandro AS, Lopes RD, Amaral Martins C, Delai RM, Villela DAM, Maciel-de-Freitas R. Entomo-virological surveillance followed by serological active survey of symptomatic individuals is helpful to identify hotspots of early arbovirus transmission. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1024187, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1024187
  196. Lega J, Brown HE, Barrera R. A 70% reduction in mosquito populations does not require removal of 70% of mosquitoes. J Med Entomol. 2020;57(5):1668–70, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa066
  197. Linthicum KJ, Kramer VL, Madon MB, Fujioka K. Introduction and potential establishment of Aedes albopictus in California in 2001. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2003;19(4):301–8.
  198. Little E, Barrera R, Seto K, Diuk-Wasser M. Co-occurrence patterns of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti and Ae. mediovitattus, a potential native dengue vector in Puerto Rico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;1):372, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-011-0708-8
  199. Lloyd LS. Best practices for dengue prevention and control in the Americas, (Washington, DC: Environmental Health Project, USAID, 2003. Report No. 7).
  200. Lorono-Pino MA, Garcia-Rejon JE, Machain-Williams C, Gomez-Carro S, Nunez-Ayala G, Najera-Vazquez Mdel R, et al. Towards a casa segura: a consumer product study of the effect of insecticide-treated curtains on Aedes aegypti and dengue virus infections in the home. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;89(2):385–97, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.12-0772
  201. Lounibos LP, Bargielowski I, Carrasquilla MC, Nishimura N. Coexistence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Peninsular Florida two decades after competitive displacements. J Med Entomol. 2016;53(6):1385–90, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw122
  202. Lozano-Fuentes S, Hayden MH, Welsh-Rodriguez C, Ochoa-Martinez C, Tapia-Santos B, Kobylinski KC, Uejio CK, Zielinski-Gutierrez E, Delle Monache L, Monaghan AJ, Steinhoff DF. The dengue virus mosquito vector Aedes aegypti at high elevation in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87(5):902–9, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0244
  203. Luce R, Rivera A, Mohammed H, Tomashek KM, Lehman J. Travel-associated dengue surveillance - United States, 2006-2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;18;59(23):715–9.
  204. Lumsdex WHR. An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory in 1952-53. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1955;49:33–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(55)90080-8.
  205. Maciel-De-Freitas R, Codeco CT, Lourenco-De-Oliveira R. Daily survival rates and dispersal of Aedes aegypti females in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;76(4):659–65, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.659
  206. Maciel-de-Freitas R, Eiras AE, Lourenco-de-Oliveira R. Field evaluation of effectiveness of the BG-Sentinel, a new trap for capturing adult Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2006;101(3):321–5, https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762006000300017
  207. Mackay A, Amador M, Barrera R. An improved autocidal gravid ovitrap for the control and surveillance of Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6(1):225, https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-6-225
  208. Mackay AJ, Amador M, Felix G, Acevedo V, Barrera R. Evaluation of household bleach as an ovicide for the control of Aedes aegypti. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2015;31(1):77–84, https://doi.org/10.2987/14-6427R.1
  209. Madewell ZJ, Hemme RR, Adams L, Barrera R, Waterman SH, Johansson MA. Comparing vector and human surveillance strategies to detect arbovirus transmission: a simulation study for Zika virus detection in Puerto Rico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(12):e0007988, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007988
  210. Madon MB, Hazelrigg JE, Shaw MW, Kluh S, Mulla. Has Aedes albopictus established in California? J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2003;19(4):297–300
  211. Mains JW, Kelly PH, Dobson KL, Petrie WD, Dobson SL. Localized control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Miami, FL, via inundative releases of Wolbachia-Infected male mosquitoes. J Med Entomol. 2019;56(5):1296–303, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz051
  212. Mani TR, Arunachalam N, Rajendran R, Satyanarayana K, Dash AP. Efficacy of thermal fog application of deltacide, a synergized mixture of pyrethroids, against Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue. Trop Med Int Health. 2005;10(12):1298–304, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01522.x
  213. Manrique-Saide P, Arisqueta-Chablé C, Geded-Moreno E, Herrera-Bojórquez J, Uc V, Chablé-Santos J, et al. An assessment of the importance of subsurface catch basins for Aedes aegypti adult production during the dry season in a neighborhood of Merida, Mexico. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2013;29:164–7, https://doi.org/10.2987/12-6320R.1
  214. Manrique-Saide P, Herrera-Bojórquez J, Medina-Barreiro A, Trujillo-Peña E, Villegas-Chim J, Valadez-González N, et al. Insecticide-treated house screening protects against Zika-infected Aedes aegypti in Merida, Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(1):e0009005, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009005
  215. Marcombe S, Farajollahi A, Healy SP, Clark GG, Fonseca DM. Insecticide resistance status of United States populations of Aedes albopictus and mechanisms involved. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e101992, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101992
  216. Marten GG. Elimination of Aedes albopictus from tire piles by introducing Macrocyclops albidus (Copepoda, Cyclopidae). J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1990;6(4):689–93.
  217. Marten GG, Caballero X, Larios A, Bendaña H. Proof of concept for eliminating Aedes aegypti production by means of integrated control including turtles, copepods, tilapia, larvicides, and community participation in Monte Verde, Honduras. Acta Trop. 2022;227:106269, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106269
  218. Marten GG, Reid JW. Cyclopoid copepods. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2007;23(2):65–92.
  219. Mavale M, Sudeep A, Gokhale M, Hundekar S, Parashar D, Ghodke Y, et al. Persistence of viral RNA in chikungunya virus-infected Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes after prolonged storage at 28°C. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;86(1):178–80, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0236
  220. McGregor BL, Connelly CR. A Review of the control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in the continental United States. J Med Entomol. 2021;58(1):10–25, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa157
  221. McHugh CP. Distributional records from the U.S. Air Force ovitrapping programme - 1990. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1991;7(3):499–501.
  222. Meeraus WH, Armistead JS, Arias JR. Field comparison of novel and gold standard traps for collecting Aedes albopictus in Northern Virginia. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2008;24(2):244–8, https://doi.org/10.2987/5676.1
  223. Mendez F, Barreto M, Arias JF, Rengifo G, Munoz J, Burbano ME, et al. Human and mosquito infections by dengue viruses during and after epidemics in a dengue-endemic region of Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;74(4):678–83, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.678
  224. Mercer DR, Marie J, Bossin H, Faaruia M, Tetuanui A, Sang MC, et al. Estimation of population size and dispersal of Aedes polynesiensis on Toamaro Motu, French Polynesia. J Med Entomol. 2012;49(5):971–80, https://doi.org/10.1603/me11234
  225. Metzger ME, Hardstone Yoshimizu M, Padgett KA, Hu R, Kramer VL. Detection and establishment of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in California, 2011-2015. J Med Entomol. 2017;54(3):533–43, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw237
  226. Mitchell CJ, Savage HM, Smith GC, Flood SP, Castro LT, Roppul M. Japanese encephalitis on Saipan: a survey of suspected mosquito vectors. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993;48(4):585–90, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1993.48.585
  227. Mogi M, Armbruster P, Fonseca DM. Analyses of the northern distributional limit of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) with a simple thermal index. J Med Entomol. 2012;49(6):1233–43, https://doi.org/10.1603/me12104
  228. Mogi M, Choochote W, Khamboonruang C, Suwanpanit P. Applicability of presence-absence and sequential sampling for ovitrap surveillance of Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand. J Med Entomol. 1990;27:509–14, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/27.4.509
  229. Monaghan AJ, Eisen RJ, Eisen L, McAllister J, Savage HM, Mutebi JP, et al. Consensus and uncertainty in the geographic range of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the contiguous United States: multi-model assessment and synthesis. PLoS Comput Biol. 2019;15(10):e1007369, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007369, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007369
  230. Monaghan AJ, Morin CW, Steinhoff DF, Wilhelmi O, Hayden M, Quattrochi DA, Reiskind M, Lloyd AL, Smith K, Schmidt CA, Scalf PE. On the seasonal occurrence and abundance of the Zika virus vector mosquito Aedes aegypti in the contiguous United States. PLoS Curr. 2016;8:ecurrents.outbreaks.50dfc7f46798675fc63e7d7da563da76, https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.outbreaks.50dfc7f46798675fc63e7d7da563da76
  231. Montgomery BL, Ritchie SA. Roof gutters: A key container for Aedes aegypti and Ochlerotatus notoscriptus (Diptera : Culicidae) in Australia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;67(3):244–6, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2002.67.244
  232. Moore CG. Aedes albopictus in the United States: current status and prospects for further spread. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1999;15(2):221–7.
  233. Moore CG, Cline BL, Ruiz-Tibén E, Lee D, Romney-Joseph H, Rivera-Correa E. Aedes aegypti in Puerto Rico: environmental determinants of larval abundance and relation to dengue virus transmission Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1978;27(6):1225–31, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1978.27.1225
  234. Morens DM, Rigau-Perez JG, Lopez-Correa RH. Dengue in Puerto Rico, 1977: public health response to characterize and control an epidemic of multiple serotypes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1986;35(1):197–211, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1986.35.197
  235. Morrison AC, Costero A, Edman JD, Clark GG, Scott TW. Increased fecundity of Aedes aegypti fed human blood before release in a mark-recapture study in Puerto Rico. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1999;15(2):98–104.
  236. Morrison AC, Reiner Jr RC, Elson WH, Astete H, Guevara C, Del Aguila C, et al. Efficacy of a spatial repellent for control of Aedes-borne virus transmission: A cluster-randomized trial in Iquitos, Peru. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022;119(26):e2118283119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118283119
  237. Mulla MS. The future of insect growth regulators in vector control. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1995;11(2 Pt 2):269–73.
  238. Mulla M, Thavara U, Tawatsin A, Chompoosri J, Zaim M, Su T. Laboratory and field evaluation of novaluron, a new acylurea insect growth regulator, against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J Vector Ecol. 2003;28(2):241–54.
  239. Muller D, Frentiu F, Rojas A, Moreira L, O’Neill S, Young P. A portable approach for the surveillance of dengue virus-infected mosquitoes. J Virol Methods. 2012;183(1):90–3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.03.033
  240. Murray KO, Rodriguez LF, Herrington E, Kharat V, Vasilakis N, Walker C, et al. Identification of dengue fever cases in Houston, Texas, with evidence of autochthonous transmission between 2003 and 2005. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2013;13:1–11, https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2013.1413
  241. Musso D, Gubler DJ. Zika virus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(3):487–524, https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00072-15
  242. Mutebi JP, Wilke AB, Ostrum E, Vasquez C, Cardenas G, Carvajal A, Moreno M, Petrie WD, Rodriguez A, Presas H, Rodriguez J. Diel activity patterns of two distinct populations of Aedes aegypti in Miami, FL and Brownsville, TX. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):5315, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06586-w
  243. Mysore K, Hapairai LK, Sun L, Li P, Wang CW, Scheel ND, et al. Characterization of a dual-action adulticidal and larvicidal interfering RNA pesticide targeting the Shaker gene of multiple disease vector mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14(7):e0008479, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008479
  244. Nam VS, Yen NT, Kay BH, Marten GG, Reid JW. Eradication of Aedes aegypti from a village in Vietnam, using copepods and community participation. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;59(4):657–60, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1998.59.657
  245. Namias A, Jobe NB, Paaijmans KP, Huijben S. The need for practical insecticide-resistance guidelines to effectively inform mosquito-borne disease control programmes. Elife. 2021;10:e65655, https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.65655
  246. Naranjo D, Qualls W, Mueller G, Samson D, Roque D, Alimi T, et al. Evaluation of boric acid sugar baits against Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in tropical environments. Parasit Res. 2013;112(4):1583–7, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-013-3312-8
  247. Nathan MB, Focks DA. Pupal/demographic surveys to inform dengue-vector control. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2006;100:S1–3, https://doi.org/10.1179/136485906X105462
  248. Nawrocki SJ, Hawley WA. Estimation of the northern limits of distribution of Aedes albopictus in North America. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1987;3(2):314–7.
  249. Nayar J, Ali A. A review of monomolecular surface films as larvicides and pupicides of mosquitoes. J Vector Ecol. 2003;28(2):190–9.
  250. Nelder M, Kesavaraju B, Farajollahi A, Healy S, Unlu I, Crepeau T, et al. Suppressing Aedes albopictus, an emerging vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses, by a novel combination of a monomolecular film and an insect-growth regulator. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;82(5):831–7, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0546
  251. Newton EA, Reiter P. A model of the transmission of dengue fever with an evaluation of the impact of ultra-low volume (ULV) insecticide applications on dengue epidemics. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992;47(6):709–20, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1992.47.709
  252. Niebylski ML, Savage HM, Nasci RS, Craig Jr GB. Blood hosts of Aedes albopictus in the United States. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1994;10(3):447–50.
  253. O’Connor L, Plichart C, Sang AC, Brelsfoard CL, Bossin HC, Dobson SL. Open release of male mosquitoes infected with a Wolbachia biopesticide: field performance and infection containment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(11):e1797, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001797
  254. Obenauer PJ, Allan SA, Kaufman PE. Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) oviposition response to organic infusions from common flora of suburban Florida. J Vector Ecol. 2010;35(2):301–6, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7134.2010.00086.x
  255. Omeara GF, Evans LF, Gettman AD, Cuda JP. Spread of Aedes albopictus and decline of Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) in Florida. J Med Entomol. 1995;32(4):554–62, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/32.4.554
  256. Omeara GF, Gettman AD, Evans LF, Scheel FD. Invasion of cemeteries in Florida by Aedes albopictus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1992;8(1):1–10.
  257. Ong J, Chong CS, Yap G, Lee C, Abdul Razak MA, Chiang S, et al. Gravitrap deployment for adult Aedes aegypti surveillance and its impact on dengue cases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14(8):e0008528, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008528
  258. PAHO. Handbook for Integrated Vector Management in the Americas (Washington, DC: PAHO, 2019a). [cited May 19, 2025]. Available from: https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/51759/Manejo%20Integrado_ENG_FINAL3.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  259. PAHO. Manual for Indoor Residual Spraying in Urban Areas for Aedes aegypti Control, (Washington, DC: PAHO, 2019b). [cited May 19, 2025]. Available from: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/51637
  260. PAHO. Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in the Americas: Guidelines for Prevention and Control (Washington, DC: PAHO, 1994, p. 98). [cited May 19, 2025]. Available from: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/40300
  261. PAHO. Data - National Dengue fever cases 2025. [cited May 19, 2025]. Available from: https://www3.paho.org/data/index.php/en/mnu-topics/indicadores-dengue-en/dengue-nacional-en/252-dengue-pais-ano-en.html.
  262. Parker C, Ramirez D, Thomas C, Connelly CR. Baseline susceptibility status of Florida populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus. J Med Entomol. 2020;57(5):1550–9, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa068
  263. Peacock BE, Smith JP, Gregory PG, Loyless TM, Mulrennen JJ, Simmonds PR, Padgett LJ, Cook EK, Eddins TR. Aedes albopictus in Florida. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1988;4(3):362–5.
  264. Pena CJ, Gonzalvez G, Chadee DD. A modified tire ovitrap for the surveillance of Aedes albopictus in the field. J Vector Ecol. 2004;29:374–5.
  265. Perich MJ, Bunner BL, Tidwell MA, Williams DC, Mara CD, Carvalhe T, et al. Penetration of ultra-low volume applied insecticide into dwellings for dengue vector control. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1992;8(2):137–42.
  266. Perich MJ, Kardec A, Braga IA, Portal IF, Burge R, Zeichner BC, et al. Field evaluation of a lethal ovitrap against dengue vectors in Brazil. Med Vet Entomol. 2003;17(2):205–10, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00427.x
  267. Perich MJ, Tidwell MA, Dobson SE, Sardelis MR, Zaglul A, Williams DC. Barrier spraying to control the malaria vector Anopheles albimanus: laboratory and field evaluation in the Dominican Republic. Med Vet Entomol. 1993;7(4):363–8, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1993.tb00706.x
  268. Pilger D, De Maesschalck M, Horstick O, San Martin JL. Dengue outbreak response: documented effective interventions and evidence gaps. TropIKA.net. 2010;1(1), https://journal.tropika.net/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2078-86062010000100002&lng=en
  269. Pilger D, Lenhart A, Manrique-Saide P, Siqueira JB, da Rocha WT, Kroeger A. Is routine dengue vector surveillance in central Brazil able to accurately monitor the Aedes aegypti population? Results from a pupal productivity survey. Trop Med Int Health. 2011;16(9):1143–50, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02818.x
  270. Pless E, Gloria-Soria A, Evans BR, Kramer V, Bolling BG, Tabachnick WJ, et al. Multiple introductions of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, into California. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(8):e0005718, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005718
  271. Pontes RJS, Freeman J, Oliveira-Lima JW, Hodgson JC, Spielman A. Vector densities that potentiate dengue outbreaks in a Brazilian city. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000;62(3):378–83, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.378
  272. Porcasi X, Rotela CH, Introini MV, Frutos N, Lanfri S, Peralta G, et al. An operative dengue risk stratification system in Argentina based on geospatial technology. Geospat Health. 2012;6(3):S31–42, https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2012.120
  273. Pruszynski CA, Hribar LJ, Mickle R, Leal AL. A Large scale biorational approach using Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis (Strain AM65-52) for nanaging Aedes aegypti populations to prevent dengue, chikungunya and Zika transmission. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):e0170079, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170079
  274. Radke EG, Gregory CJ, Kintziger KW, Sauber-Schatz EK, Hunsperger EA, Gallagher GR, et al. Dengue outbreak in Key West, Florida, USA, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):135–7, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110130
  275. Ramlee S, Mohd S-A. Odonata nymphs as potential biocontrol agent of mosquito larvae in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2022;53(4):426–35.
  276. Ramos MM, Mohammed H, Zielinski-Gutierrez E, Hayden MH, Lopez JL, Fournier M, Trujillo AR, Burton R, Brunkard JM, Anaya-Lopez L, Banicki AA. Epidemic dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever at the Texas-Mexico border: results of a household-based seroepidemiologic survey, December 2005. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;78(3):364–9, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.364
  277. Ranson H, Burhani J, Lumjuan N, Black IV WC. Insecticide resistance in dengue vectors. TropIKA.net. 2010;1, http://journal.tropika.net/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2078-86062010000100003&nrm=iso
  278. Rapley LP, Johnson PH, Williams CR, Silcock RM, Larkman M, Long SA, et al. A lethal ovitrap-based mass trapping scheme for dengue control in Australia: II. Impact on populations of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Med Vet Entomol. 2009;23(4):303–16, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00834.x
  279. Regis L, Monteiro AM, de Melo-Santos MAV, Silveira JC, Furtado AF, Acioli RV, et al. Developing new approaches for detecting and preventing Aedes aegypti population outbreaks: basis for surveillance, alert and control system. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008;103(1):50–9, https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762008000100008
  280. Reiner Jr RC, Stoddard ST, Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Astete H, Perkins TA, Sihuincha M, et al. Estimating the impact of city-wide Aedes aegypti population control: an observational study in Iquitos, Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(5):e0007255, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007255
  281. Reisen WK, Basio RG. Oviposition trap surveys conducted on four USAF installations in the Western Pacific. Mosq News. 1972;32(1):107–8.
  282. Reiter P, Amador MA, Colon N. Enhancement of the CDC ovitrap with hay infusions for daily monitoring of Aedes aegypti populations. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1991;7(1):52–5.
  283. Reiter P, Gubler DJ. Surveillance and Control of Urban Dengue Vectors. In: Gubler DJ, Kuno G, editors (London, United Kingdom: CAB International, 1997), pp. 425–62.
  284. Reiter P, Lathrop S, Bunning M, Biggerstaff B, Singer D, Tiwari T, Baber L, Amador M, Thirion J, Hayes J, Seca C. Texas lifestyle limits transmission of dengue virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9(1):86–9, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0901.020220
  285. Reuben R, Das PK, Samuel GD, Brooks GD. Estimation of daily emergence of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sonepat, India. J Med Entomol. 1978;14:705–14, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/14.6.705
  286. Revay E, Mueller G, Qualls W, Kline D, Naranjo D, Müller G, et al. Control of Aedes albopictus with attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB) and potential impact on non-target organisms in St. Augustine, Florida. Parasit Res. 2014;113(1):73–9, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-013-3628-4
  287. Rey JR, Nishimura N, Wagner B, Braks MA, O’Connell SM, Lounibos LP. Habitat segregation of mosquito arbovirus vectors in South Florida. J Med Entomol. 2006;43(6):1134–41, https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[1134:hsomav]2.0.co;2
  288. Richards SL, Ponnusamy L, Unnasch TR, Hassan HK, Apperson CS. Host-feeding patterns of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to availability of human and domestic animals in suburban landscapes of central North Carolina. J Med Entomol. 2006;43(3):543–51, https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[543:hpoaad]2.0.co;2
  289. Rigau-Pérez JG, Ayala-López A, García-Rivera EJ, Hudson SM, Vorndam V, Reiter P, Cano MP, Clark GG. The reappearance of dengue-3 and a subsequent dengue-4 and dengue-1 epidemic in Puerto Rico in 1998. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;67(4):355–62, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2002.67.355
  290. Rigau-Perez JG, Gubler DJ. Surveillance for dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. In: Gubler DJ, Kuno G, editors. Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, (New York, NY: CAB International, 1997, pp. 405–23).
  291. Rigau-Perez JG, Gubler DJ, Vorndam AV, Clark GG. Dengue surveillance--United States, 1986-1992. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 1994;43(2):7–19.
  292. Rigau-Perez JG, Vorndam AV, Clark GG. The dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever epidemic in Puerto Rico,1994-1995. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001 Jan–Feb;64(1–2):67–74, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2001.64.67
  293. Ritchie SA. Evolution of dengue control strategies in North Queensland, Australia. Arbovirus Res Aust. 2005;9:324–30.
  294. Ritchie SA, Hanna JN, Hills SL, Piispanen JP, McBride WJH, Pyke A, et al. Dengue control in North Queensland, Australia: case recognition and selective indoor residual spraying. Dengue Bull. 2002;26:7–13.
  295. Ritchie SA, Long S, Hart A, Webb CE, Russell RC. An adulticidal sticky ovitrap for sampling container-breeding mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2003;19(3):235–42.
  296. Ritchie SA, Long S, Smith G, Pyke A, Knox TB. Entomological investigations in a focus of dengue transmission in Cairns, Queensland, Australia, by using the sticky ovitraps. J Med Entomol. 2004;41(1):1–4, https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-41.1.1
  297. Rodríguez MM, Bisset JA, Fernández D. Levels of insecticide resistance and resistance mechanisms in Aedes aegypti from some Latin American countries. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2007;23(4):420–9, https://doi.org/10.2987/5588.1
  298. Romero-Vivas CM, Wheeler JG, Falconar AK, Romero-Vivas CME, Wheeler JG, Falconar AKI. An inexpensive intervention for the control of larval Aedes aegypti assessed by an improved method of surveillance and analysis. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2002;18(1):40–6.
  299. Ropelewski CF, Halpert MS. Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with El Nino / Southern Oscillation. Mon Weather Rev. 1987;115:1606–26, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<1606:GARSPP>2.0.CO;2
  300. Rosen L, Rozeboom LE, Sweet BH, Sabin AB. The transmission of dengue by Aedes polynesiensis Marks. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1954;3(5):878–82, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1954.3.878
  301. Rosenberg R, Lindsey NP, Fischer M, Gregory CJ, Hinckley AF, Mead PS, et al. Vital signs: trends in reported vector-borne disease cases - United States and territories, 2004-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(17):496–501, https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6717e1
  302. Rowe D, McDermott C, Veliz Y, Kerr A, Whiteside M, Coss M, et al. Dengue outbreak response during COVID-19 pandemic, Key Largo, Florida, USA, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(8):1643–7, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2908.221856
  303. Rueda LM. Pictorial keys for the identification of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) associated with dengue virus transmission. Zootaxa. 2004;589(1):1–60, https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.589.1.1
  304. Russell BM, Kay BH. Calibrated funnel trap for quantifying mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) abundance in wells. J Med Entomol. 1999;36(6):851–5, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/36.6.851
  305. Russell BM, McBride WJH, Mullner H, Kay BH. Epidemiological Significance of subterranean Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) breeding sites to dengue virus infection in Charters Towers, 1993. J Med Entomol. 2002;39(1):143–5, https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-39.1.143
  306. Saleh MS, Abuzinadah OA, Al Ghamdi K, Alsagaf AA, Mahyoub JA. Effectiveness of slow-release tablet formulations of the IGR diflubenzuron and the bioinsecticide spinosad against larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.). African Entomol. 2013;21(2):349–53.
  307. Salgado V. Studies on the mode of action of spinosad: insect symptoms and physiological correlates. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 1998;60(2):91–102, https://doi.org/10.1006/pest.1998.2332
  308. Santiago GA, Vazquez J, Courtney S, Matias KY, Andersen LE, Colon C, et al. Performance of the Trioplex real-time RT-PCR assay for detection of Zika, dengue, and chikungunya viruses. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):1391, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03772-1.
  309. Santiago GA, Vergne E, Quiles Y, Cosme J, Vazquez J, Medina JF, et al. Analytical and clinical performance of the CDC real time RT-PCR assay for detection and typing of dengue virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(7):e2311, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002311
  310. Savage HM, Niebylski ML, Smith GC, Mitchell CJ, Craig Jr GB. Host-feeding patterns of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) at a temperate North American site. J Med Entomol. 1993;30(1):27–34, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/30.1.27
  311. Schaffner F, Bellini R, Petrić D, Scholte EJ, Zeller H, Rakotoarivony LM. Development of guidelines for the surveillance of invasive mosquitoes in Europe. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:209, https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-6-209
  312. Schmaedick MA, Ball TS, Burkot TR, Gurr NE. Evaluation of three traps for sampling Aedes polynesiensis and other mosquito species in American Samoa. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2008;24(2):319–22, https://doi.org/10.2987/5652.1
  313. Schneider J, Droll D. A Timeline for Dengue in the Americas to December 31, 2000 and Noted First Occurrences (Washington, DC: PAHO, 2001).
  314. Scholte EJ, Takken W, Knols BG. Infection of adult Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Acta Trop. 2007;102(3):151–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.04.011
  315. Scott TW, Clark GG, Lorenz LH, Amerasinghe PH, Reiter P, Edman JD. Detection of multiple blood feeding in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) during a single gonotrophic cycle using a histologic technique. J Med Entomol. 1993;30(1):94–9, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/30.1.94
  316. Sebastian A, Sein M, Thu M, Corbet P. Suppression of Aedes aegypti using augmentative release of dragonfly larvae with community participation in Yangon, Myanmar. Bull Entomol Res. 1990;80:223–32.
  317. Sharp TM, Hunsperger E, Santiago GA, Munoz-Jordan JL, Santiago LM, Rivera A, et al. Virus-specific differences in rates of disease during the 2010 dengue epidemic in Puerto Rico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(4):e2159, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002159
  318. Sharp TM, Lorenzi O, Torres-Velásquez B, Acevedo V, Pérez-Padilla J, Rivera A, et al. Autocidal gravid ovitraps protect humans from chikungunya virus infection by reducing Aedes aegypti mosquito populations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(7):e0007538, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007538
  319. Sharp TM, Tufa AJ, Cotter CJ, Lozier MJ, Santiago GA, Johnson SS, et al. Identification of risk factors and mosquito vectors associated with dengue virus infection in American Samoa, 2017. Plos Glob Public Health. 2023;3(7):e0001604, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001604
  320. Sheppard PM, Macdonald WW, Tonn RJ. A new method of measuring the relative prevalence of Aedes aegypti. Bull WHO. 1969;40(3):467–8.
  321. Shope R. Global climate change and infectious diseases. Environ Health Perspect. 1991;96:171–4, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9196171
  322. Sippy R, Rivera GE, Sanchez V, Heras F, Morejón B, Beltrán E, et al. Ingested insecticide to control Aedes aegypti: developing a novel dried attractive toxic sugar bait device for intra-domiciliary control. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13(1):78, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-3930-9
  323. Siqueira-Junior JB, Maciel IJ, Barcellos C, Souza WV, Carvalho MS, Nascimento NE, et al. Spatial point analysis based on dengue surveys at household level in central Brazil. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:361, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-361
  324. Sissoko F, Junnila A, Traore MM, Traore SF, Doumbia S, Dembele SM, et al. Frequent sugar feeding behavior by Aedes aegypti in Bamako, Mali makes them ideal candidates for control with attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB). PLoS One. 2019;14(6):e0214170, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214170
  325. Soper FL. Aedes aegypti and yellow fever. Bull World Health Organ. 1967;36(4):521–7.
  326. Stoddard PK. Managing Aedes aegypti populations in the first Zika transmission zones in the continental United States. Acta Trop. 2018;187:108–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.07.031
  327. Strickman D. Longevity of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) compared in cages and field under ambient conditions in rural Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2006;37(3):456–62.
  328. Strickman D. Area repellent products. In: Debboun M, Frances SP, Strickman D, editors. Insect Repellents: Principles, Methods, and Uses, (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2007, pp. 385–93).
  329. Sutherland GL, Nasci RS. Detection of West Nile virus in large pools of mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2007;23(4):389–95, https://doi.org/10.2987/5630.1
  330. Tambwe MM, Moore SJ, Chilumba H, Swai JK, Moore JD, Stica C, et al. Semi-field evaluation of freestanding transfluthrin passive emanators and the BG sentinel trap as a “push-pull control strategy” against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13(1):392, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04263-3
  331. Tambwe MM, Saddler A, Kibondo UA, Mashauri R, Kreppel KS, Govella NJ, et al. Semi-field evaluation of the exposure-free mosquito electrocuting trap and BG-Sentinel trap as an alternative to the human landing catch for measuring the efficacy of transfluthrin emanators against Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors. 2021;14(1):265, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04754-x
  332. Tan CH, Wong PS, Li MZ, Vythilingam I, Ng LC. Evaluation of the dengue NS1 Ag Strip(R) for detection of dengue virus antigen in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011;11(6):789–92, https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2010.0028
  333. Teixeira MD, Barreto ML, Costa MDN, Ferreira LDA, Vasconcelos PFC, Cairncross S. Dynamics of dengue virus circulation: a silent epidemic in a complex urban area. Trop Med Int Health. 2002;7(9):757–62, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00930.x
  334. Trout RT, Brown GC, Potter MF, Hubbard JL. Efficacy of two pyrethroid insecticides applied as barrier treatments for managing mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in suburban residential properties. J Med Entomol. 2007;44(3):470–7, https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[470:eotpia]2.0.co;2
  335. Trpis M, Hausermann W. Dispersal and other population parameters of Aedes aegypti in an African village and their possible significance in epidemiology of vector-borne diseases. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1986;35:1263–79, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1986.35.1263
  336. Tun-Lin W, Kay BH, Barnes A, Tun-Lin W, Kay BH, Barnes A. Understanding productivity, a key to Aedes aegypti surveillance. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995;53(6):595–601, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1995.53.595
  337. Unlu I, Rochlin I, Suman DS, Wang Y, Chandel K, Gaugler R. Large-scale operational pyriproxyfen autodissemination deployment to suppress the immature Asian tiger mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) populations. J Med Entomol. 2020;57(4):1120–30, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa011
  338. Urdaneta L, Herrera F, Pernalete M, Zoghbi N, Rubio-Palis Y, Barrios R, et al. Detection of dengue viruses in field-caught Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Maracay, Aragua state, Venezuela by type-specific polymerase chain reaction. Infect Gen Evol. 2005;5(2):177–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2004.09.004
  339. Utarini A, Indriani C, Ahmad RA, Tantowijoyo W, Arguni E, Ansari MR, et al. Efficacy of Wolbachia-infected mosquito deployments for the control of dengue. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(23):2177–86, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2030243
  340. Valerio L, Marini F, Bongiorno G, Facchinelli L, Pombi M, Caputo B, Maroli M, Della Torre A. Host-feeding patterns of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in urban and rural contexts within Rome Province, Italy. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2010;10:291–4, https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2009.0007
  341. Van Kleef E, Bambrick HJ, Hales S. The geographic distribution of dengue fever and the potential influence of global climate change. TropIKA.net. 2010, https://journal.tropika.net/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2078-86062010005000001
  342. Vanlerberghe V, Villegas E, Oviedo M, Baly A, Lenhart A, McCall PJ, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of insecticide treated materials for household level dengue vector control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(3):e994, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000994
  343. Vanlerberghe V, Gómez-Dantés H, Vazquez-Prokopec G, Alexander N, Manrique-Saide P, Coelho G, et al. Changing paradigms in Aedes control: considering the spatial heterogeneity of dengue transmission. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2017;41:e16.
  344. Vasilakis N, Cardosa J, Hanley KA, Holmes EC, Weaver SC. Fever from the forest: prospects for the continued emergence of sylvatic dengue virus and its impact on public health. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011;9:532–41, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2595
  345. Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Galvin WA, Kelly R, Kitron U. A new, cost-effective, battery-powered aspirator for adult mosquito collections. J Med Entomol. 2009;46(6):1256–9, https://doi.org/10.1603/033.046.0602
  346. Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Kitron U, Montgomery B, Horne P, Ritchie SA. Quantifying the spatial dimension of dengue virus epidemic spread within a tropical urban environment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;21;4(12):e920, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000920
  347. Voge NV, Sanchez-Vargas I, Blair CD, Eisen L, Beaty BJ. Detection of dengue virus NS1 antigen in infected Aedes aegypti using a commercially available kit. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;88(2):260–6, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0477
  348. Wang Y, An M, Stevens KM, Liu N. Insecticide resistance in Alabama populations of the mosquito Aedes albopictus. J Med Entomol. 2022;59(5):1678–86, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjac085
  349. Washburn JO, Hartmann EU. Could Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae) become established in California tree holes? J Med Entomol. 1992;29(6):995–1005, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/29.6.995
  350. Waterman SH, Novak RJ, Sather GE, Bailey RE, Rios I, Gubler DJ. Dengue transmission in two Puerto Rican communities in 1982. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1985;34(3):625–32, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1985.34.625
  351. Watts AG, Miniota J, Joseph HA, Brady OJ, Kraemer MU, Grills AW, Morrison S, Esposito DH, Nicolucci A, German M, Creatore MI. Elevation as a proxy for mosquito-borne Zika virus transmission in the Americas. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0178211, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178211
  352. Watts DM, Burke DS, Harrison BA, Whitmire RE, Nisalak A. Effect of temperature on the vector efficiency of Aedes aegypti for dengue-2 virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1987;36(1):143–52.
  353. Wilke ABB, Vasquez C, Mauriello PJ, Beier JC. Ornamental bromeliads of Miami-Dade County, Florida are important breeding sites for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasit Vectors. 2018;11(1):283, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2866-9
  354. Williams CR, Long SA, Russell RC, Ritchie SA. Field efficacy of the BG-Sentinel compared with CDC Backpack Aspirators and CO2-baited EVS traps for collection of adult Aedes aegypti in Cairns, Queensland, Australia. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2006;22(2):296–300, https://doi.org/10.2987/8756-971X(2006)22[296:FEOTBC]2.0.CO;2
  355. Williams CR, Long SA, Webb CE, Bitzhenner M, Geier M, Russell RC, et al. Aedes aegypti population sampling using BG-Sentinel traps in North Queensland Australia: statistical considerations for trap deployment and sampling strategy. J Med Entomol. 2007;44(2):345–50, https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[345:aapsub]2.0.co;2
  356. Wilton DP, Kloter KO. Preliminary evaluation of a black cylinder suction trap for Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 1985;22(1):113–4, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/22.1.113
  357. Wise de Valdez MR, Nimmo D, Betz J, Gong HF, James AA, Alphey L, et al. Genetic elimination of dengue vector mosquitoes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(12):4772–5, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1019295108
  358. Withanage GP, Viswakula SD, Gunawardene YS, Hapugoda MD. Use of Novaluron-based Autocidal Gravid Ovitraps to control Aedes dengue vector mosquitoes in the District of Gampaha, Sri Lanka. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:9567019, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9567019
  359. WHO. Dengue: Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control: New Edition, World Health Organization. (Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2009, p. 147).
  360. WHO. Monitoring and Managing Insecticide Resistance in Aedes Mosquito Populations, (Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2016).
  361. WHO. Efficacy-Testing of Traps for Control of Aedes spp. Mosquito Vectors (Geneva: WHO, 2018). [cited 19 May 2025]. Available from: https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/173660/1/173660.pdf
  362. WHO. Global dengue surveillance [Internet]. World Health Organization;2025 [cited 19 May 2025]. Available from: https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/dengue_global/
  363. Wu HH, Wang CY, Teng HJ, Lin C, Lu LC, Jian SW, et al. A dengue vector surveillance by human population-stratified ovitrap survey for Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) adult and egg collections in high dengue-risk areas of Taiwan. J Med Entomol. 2013;50(2):261–9, https://doi.org/10.1603/me11263
  364. Xue R, Ali A, Day JF. Commercially available insect repellents and criteria for their use. In: Debboun M, Frances SP, Strickman D, editors. Insect Repellents: Principles, Methods, and Uses (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2007, pp. 405–15).
  365. Xue RD, Ali A, Kline DL, Barnard DR. Field evaluation of boric acid- and fipronil-based bait stations against adult mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2008;24(3):415–8, https://doi.org/10.2987/5683.1
  366. Zeller H, Van Bortel W, Sudre B. Chikungunya: Its history in Africa and Asia and its spread to new regions in 2013-2014. J Infect Dis. 2016;214(suppl 5):S436–40, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiw391
  367. Zhong D, Lo E, Hu R, Metzger ME, Cummings R, Bonizzoni M, et al. Genetic analysis of invasive Aedes albopictus populations in Los Angeles County, California and its potential public health impact. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e68586, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068586