Skip to main content
Login
  1. Home
  2. More with More: Investing in the Energy Transition
  3. 13. Making the ETS2 Socially Acceptable through Carbon Revenue Redistribution and Investments
Open Book Publishers

13. Making the ETS2 Socially Acceptable through Carbon Revenue Redistribution and Investments

  • Andreas Eisl(author)
  • Phuc-Vinh Nguyen (author)
Chapter of: More with More: Investing in the Energy Transition: 2025 European Public Investment Outlook(pp. 205–222)
  • Export Metadata
  • Metadata
  • Locations
  • Contributors
  • References

Export Metadata

Metadata
Title13. Making the ETS2 Socially Acceptable through Carbon Revenue Redistribution and Investments
ContributorAndreas Eisl(author)
Phuc-Vinh Nguyen (author)
DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11647/obp.0499.13
Landing pagehttps://www.openbookpublishers.com/books/10.11647/obp.0499/chapters/10.11647/obp.0499.13
Licensehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
CopyrightAndreas Eisl; Phuc-Vinh Nguyen
PublisherOpen Book Publishers
Published on2025-12-08
Long abstract

The introduction of a CO2 price for housing and mobility is a key measure to ensure that the EU will be able to achieve its climate objectives. However, without adequate accompanying compensation and investment measures, additional costs for citizens will not be socially acceptable and might lead to a reversal of climate policies. This chapter thus sets out to make recommendations on how to best design accompanying policies in the context of the introduction of the ETS2, which will broaden the scope of the European Emissions Trading System to new economic sectors (road transport, buildings, and small industries). To draw lessons from already existing instruments, this chapter studies the carbon taxation schemes of France, Germany, and Austria as well as their accompanying redistribution and investment measures. Based on this analysis, it highlights the importance of strict earmarking of ETS2 revenues and the visibility of support measures, and discusses how to best target citizens through redistributions mechanisms and balance compensation with investment tools.

Page rangepp. 205–222
Print length18 pages
LanguageEnglish (Original)
Locations
Landing PageFull text URLPlatform
PDFhttps://www.openbookpublishers.com/books/10.11647/obp.0499/chapters/10.11647/obp.0499.13Landing pagehttps://books.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/obp.0499.13.pdfFull text URL
HTMLhttps://www.openbookpublishers.com/books/10.11647/obp.0499/chapters/10.11647/obp.0499.13Landing pagehttps://books.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/obp.0499/ch13.xhtmlFull text URLPublisher Website
Contributors

Andreas Eisl

(author)
Senior Research Fellow at Institut Jacques Delors
Associated Researcher at Sciences Po, Paris
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1916-2873

Andreas Eisl is a Senior Research Fellow in European Economic Policy at the Jacques

Delors Institute and Associated Researcher at Sciences Po. As a comparative political

economist, his expertise is centred on EU economic governance, macroeconomic and

budgetary policies, as well as industrial policymaking, with a particular focus on

the financing of the green transition. Currently, he works on the development of key

instruments for a clean EU industrial policy and the implementation of the reformed

European fiscal framework. Eisl holds a PhD in political science from Sciences Po and

the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies (MPIfG)/University of Cologne, as

well as a Master’s degree in geography from the University of Salzburg. He has taught

at Sciences Po and the Sorbonne Nouvelle.

Phuc-Vinh Nguyen

(author)
Head of the Jacques Delors Energy Centre and a Research Fellow on French and EU energy policy at Institut Jacques Delors

Phuc-Vinh Nguyen is the Head of the Jacques Delors Energy Centre and a Research

Fellow on French and EU energy policy at the Jacques Delors Institute. At the European

level, his expertise is centred on the political dynamic surrounding the European

Green Deal and more precisely, the carbon markets (ETS1 and ETS2) and the gas and

electricity markets. At the French level, he works on the deployment of renewable

energy sources and nuclear energy. Nguyen holds a Master’s degree in European

Business Law Business Law (Université Jean Moulin Lyon III) and a Master’s degree

in Energy Law (Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne). He teaches European Energy

Policy at Sciences Po Paris, HEC, and IRIS-SUP.

References
  1. ADEME (2021) “Analyse des conditions de reprise d’une valeur équitable du carbone”, July, https://comptecarbone.cc/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/valeur-carbone-equitable_202207.pdf
  2. ADEME (2024) “Les représentations sociales du changement climatique—25ème vague du baromètre”, 7 November, https://librairie.ademe.fr/societe-et-politiques-publiques/7728-les-representations-sociales-du-changement-climatique-25eme-vague-du-barometre.html
  3. Baccianti, C., M. Buck, O. Sartor, and C. Schröder (2024) “Investing in the Green Deal: How to Increase the Impact and Ensure Continuity of EU Climate Funding”, Agora Energiewende, 9 December, https://www.agora-energiewende.org/publications/investing-in-the-green-deal
  4. Beaufils, Cyrille (2019) “Le cadre juridique de la fiscalité environnementale”, February, https://www.ccomptes.fr/system/files/2019-09/20190918-rapport-particulier2-CPO-fiscalite-environnementale.pdf
  5. Bauchmüller, M., and C. Hulverscheidt (2024) “Energiepolitik. Warten auf das Klimageld. Süddeutsche Zeitung”, 16 January, https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/energiepolitik-klimageld-robert-habeck-christian-lindner-1.6333805
  6. BMK (2025) “Klimabonus: Einführung eines CO2-Preis-Ausgleichsmechanismus”, March 2025.
  7. Bohmann, S., L. Felder, P. Haan, C. Kemfert, M. Kücük, L. Schmitz, and J. Schupp (2025) “Mehr Klarheit schaffen: Klimageld als sozialer Ausgleich bei höheren CO2-Preisen”, DIW Wochenbericht No. 6/2025, https://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.935740.de/25-6-1.pdf
  8. Budgetdienst (2022) “Ökosoziale Steuerreform 2022. Analyse des Budgetdienstes. 10.01.2022”, https://www.parlament.gv.at/dokument/budgetdienst/analysen-zu-gesetzen/BD_-_Oekosoziale_Steuerreform_2022.pdf
  9. Bundesverfassungsgericht (2023) “Judgment of 15 November 2023”, https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Entscheidungen/EN/2023/11/fs20231115_2bvf000122en.html
  10. Burtscher, Leonard (2024) “Warum es in Österreich schon heute Klimageld gibt. Umweltinstitut München. Interview mit Johannes Wahlmüller”, 24 July, Umwelt Institut, https://umweltinstitut.org/energie-und-klima/meldungen/interview-klimabonus/
  11. Carattini, Stefano, Maria Carvalho, and Sam Fankhauser (2017) “How to Make Carbon Taxes More Acceptable”, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Policy Report, https://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/How-to-make-carbon-taxes-more-acceptable.pdf
  12. Cour des Comptes (2024) “La place de la fiscalité de l’énergie dans la politique énergétique et climatique française. Exercices 2012-2022”, 27 March, https://www.ccomptes.fr/sites/default/files/2024-09/20240906-S2024-0646-Place-fiscalite-energie-dans-politique-energetique-et-climatique-francaise_0.pdf
  13. Direction Générale de l’Energie et du Climat (2017) “Rapport de la France—Actualisation de 2017”, March, https://tinyurl.com/272ww4td
  14. De Perthuis, Christian (2013) “Travaux du comité pour la fiscalité écologique. Rapport du Président”, https://www.vie-publique.fr/files/rapport/pdf/134000547.pdf
  15. Direction de la recherche, des études, de l’évaluation et des statistiques (2024) “Taxe carbone: une moins grande adhésion à sa hausse dans le milieu rural, quelle que soit la mesure sociale ou fiscale en contrepartie”, Etudes et Resultats, 1296, https://drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/publications-communique-de-presse/etudes-et-resultats/taxe-carbone-une-moins-grande-adhesion-sa
  16. Deutsche Bundesregierung (2024) “Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Fraktion der CDU/CSU. Umsetzungsstand zur Einführung und Auszahlung eines Klimageldes. Deutscher Bundestag. 20. Wahlperiode”, Drucksache 20/13587, https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/20/138/2013865.pdf
  17. Deutschlandfunk (2024) “CO2-Preis. Wann kommt das Klimageld?”, 3 February, Deutschlandfunk, https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/klimageld-102.html
  18. Eden, A., J. Cludius, N. Unger, V. Noka, K. Schumacher, A. Vornicu-Chira, P. Gutowski, and K. Glowacki (2023)”Putting the ETS2 and Social Climate Fund to Work”, Adelphi Policy Report, https://adelphi.de/system/files/document/policy-report_putting-the-ets-2-and-social-climate-fund-to-work_final_02.pdf
  19. EPICO and Frontier Economics (2025) “Strengthening the EU ETS2 through Revenue Frontloading”, Policy Report, June, https://epico.org/uploads/files/EPICO-Defending-the-EU_250605.pdf
  20. European Commission (2021) “Impact Assessment Report”, Commission Staff Working Document, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:7b89687a-eec6-11eb-a71c-01aa75ed71a1.0001.01/DOC_1&format=PDF#page=122
  21. Fiedler, S., S. Meemken, S. Greifoner, and S. Bach (2025) “Regionales Klimageld in Deutschland. Potenziale, Herausforderungen und Verteilungswirkungen”, https://www.nachhaltigkeitsrat.de/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/20250314_DIW_FOES_RNE_Studie_Regionales_Klimageld_in_Deutschland.pdf
  22. Gagnebin, M. (2025) “Why Early Action by Five Countries Is Key to ETS2 Success”, 20 March, Agora Energiewende, https://www.agora-energiewende.org/news-events/why-early-action-by-five-countries-is-key-to-ets-2-success
  23. Greive, M., J. Hildebrand, and J. Olk (2025) “KTF. Bund fördert mit sieben Milliarden Euro den Heizungstausch”, 25 March, Handelsblatt, https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/ktf-bund-foerdert-mit-sieben-milliarden-euro-den-heizungstausch/100116328.html
  24. Holzmann, S., and F. Digulla (2024) “Klimapolitik für Akzeptanz”, Focus Paper 25, https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/user_upload/W_Focus_Paper__25_Klimapolitik_fuer_Akzeptanz.pdf
  25. IEA (2023) “Energy-related CO2 Emissions per Capita by Income Decile in Selected Countries and Regions, 2021”, February, IEA, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/energy-related-co2-emissions-per-capita-by-income-decile-in-selected-countries-and-regions-2021
  26. Insee (2025a) “Prix moyens mensuels de vente au détail en métropole - Supercarburant sans plomb, indice d’octane 95”, https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/000849411
  27. Insee (2025b) “Prix moyens mensuels de vente au détail en métropole—Gazole”, https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/000442588#
  28. Jüngling, E., G. Sgaravatti, S. Tagliapietra, and G. Zachmann (2025) “Making the Best of the New EU Social Climate Fund”, April, Bruegel, https://www.bruegel.org/policy-brief/making-best-new-eu-social-climate-fund#footnote13_2lks01e
  29. Hager, Johanna (2024) “KURIER-OGM-Umfrage: „Klimabonus hatte fast keine Relevanz“”, 29 December, Kurier, https://kurier.at/politik/inland/kurier-ogm-umfrage-klimabonus-einsparungen-arbeiten-im-alter-2025/402992526
  30. Kern, J., and J. Winter (2025) “Kogler kämpft für den Klimabonus—mit einer Falschbehauptung”, 26 January, Profil, https://www.profil.at/faktiv/kogler-gruenen-klimabonus-fpoe-oevp-budget/403002042
  31. Koalitionsvertrag (2021) “Mehr Fortschritt wagen. Bündnis für Freiheit, Gerechtigkeit und Nachhaltigkeit”, Koalitionsvertrag 2021-2025 zwischen der sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands (SPD), Bündnis 90/die Grünen und den freien Demokraten (FDP), https://www.spd.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Koalitionsvertrag/Koalitionsvertrag_2021-2025.pdf
  32. Kontext (2025) “Budget und Klima: Menschen in Österreich für kluge Einsparungen statt Förderkürzungen”, 14 May, Kontext Pressemitteilung, https://kontext-institut.at/presse/budgetrede-klima-umfrage-/
  33. Ministère de la Transition Ecologique (2025) “Fiscalité environnementale—Extrait du Bilan environnemental 2024”, https://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/fiscalite-environnementale-extrait-du-bilan-environnemental-2024
  34. Moysan, Emilie (2017) “Les indispensable du droit des finances publiques—Fiche 8. Le principe d’universalité”, Plein Droit, https://droit.cairn.info/les-indispensables-du-droit-des-finances-publiques--9782340022997?lang=fr
  35. Nguyen, P.-V., and T. Pellerin-Carlin (2021) “The European Energy Price Spike”, October, Jacques Delors Institute, https://institutdelors.eu/en/publications/flambee-des-prix-de-lenergie-en-europe-2/
  36. Österreichischer Städtebund (2024) “Städtebund/TU Wien: Klimabonus—Etikettenschwindel ohne Lenkungseffekt”, 12 September, https://www.staedtebund.gv.at/services/aktuelles/aktuelles-details/staedtebundtu-wien-klimabonus-etikettenschwindel-ohne-lenkungseffekt/
  37. Patermann, S., and E. Rathai (2025) “Klimageld 2025. Wann kommt die CO2-Preis-Entlastung und wie hoch fällt diese aus?”, 11 April, Wirtschaftswoche, https://www.wiwo.de/politik/deutschland/klimageld-2025-wann-kommt-die-co2-preis-entlastung-und-wie-hoch-faellt-diese-aus/29605390.html
  38. Pilcher, G. (2024) “Unfaire Verteilung? Kurz vor Klimabonus-Auszahlung wird erneut Kritik laut”, 28 August, Kleine Zeitung, https://www.kleinezeitung.at/steiermark/18799162/kurz-vor-klimabonus-auszahlung-wird-erneut-kritik-laut
  39. Reguant, M., U. Arregui, and S. Martin Belmonte (2025) “Energy and Just Transition with the Social Climate Plan”, June, Revo Presperidad Sostensible, https://www.revoprosper.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Revo-Energia-transicion-report-English-v2.pdf
  40. Salzburger Nachrichten (2025) “Ersatzlose Streichung von Klimabonus trifft Ärmere stärker”, 31 March, Salzburger Nachrichten, https://www.sn.at/politik/innenpolitik/ersatzlose-streichung-klimabonus-aermere-176062477
  41. Schuster, Barbara (2025) “Klimabonus: Für sozialen Ausgleich der CO2-Steuer notwendig”, 16 January, Momentum Institut, https://www.momentum-institut.at/news/klimabonus-fuer-sozialen-ausgleich-der-co2-steuer-notwendig/
  42. Statistik Austria (2025) “Regionale Staffelung des Klimabonus”, 15 May, STATatlas, https://www.statistik.at/atlas/?mapid=topo_urt_oev
  43. T&E (2025) “How to Turn ETS2 Implementation into a Success”, June, T&E Report, https://www.transportenvironment.org/uploads/files/ETS2_implementation_report_03062025.pdf
  44. TU Wien (2024) “Robert Kalasek im Interview: Kritik an der aktuellen Verteilung des Klimabonus”, 23 September, https://www.tuwien.at/ar/srf/aktuelles/news-detail/news/robert-kalasek-im-interview-kritik-an-der-aktuellen-verteilung-des-klimabonus
  45. Umwelt Bundesamt (2025) “Einnahmen aus dem Emissionshandel erneut auf Rekordniveau. Über 18,5 Milliarden Euro für Klimaschutz, Technologieförderung und sozialen Ausgleich in Deutschland”, 7 January, Umwelt Bundesamt, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/einnahmen-aus-dem-emissionshandel-erneut-auf
  46. Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband (2023) “Einnahmen aus der CO2-Bepreisung der Jahre 2021 bis 2023 als Klimageld rückerstatten. Position des Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverbands (vzbv) zur Verwendung der Einnahmen aus der CO2-Bepreisung“, 15 January, https://www.vzbv.de/sites/default/files/2023-12/23-12-15_Position_vzbv_Klimageld_final_barrierefrei.pdf
  47. Woerner, A., T. Imai, D. P. Pace, and K. M. Schmidt (2024) “How to Increase Public Support for Carbon Pricing with Revenue Recycling”, Nature Sustainability 7, 1633–1641.

Export Metadata

UK registered social enterprise and Community Interest Company (CIC).

Company registration 14549556

Metadata

  • By book
  • By publisher
  • GraphQL API
  • Export API

Resources

  • Downloads
  • Videos
  • Merch
  • Presentations
  • Service status

Contact

  • Email
  • Bluesky
  • Mastodon
  • Github

Copyright © 2026 Thoth Open Metadata. Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.