Skip to main content
Login
PHARMAKON: Urban Law and the Making of Johannesburg - cover image
UJ Press

PHARMAKON: Urban Law and the Making of Johannesburg

  • Eric Nyembezi Makoni(author)
  • Export Metadata
  • Metadata
  • Contents
  • Locations
  • Contributors
  • References
Export Metadata
Metadata
TitlePHARMAKON
SubtitleUrban Law and the Making of Johannesburg
ContributorEric Nyembezi Makoni(author)
DOIhttps://doi.org/10.64449/9780639890005
Landing pagehttps://ujonlinepress.uj.ac.za/index.php/ujp/catalog/book/125
Licensehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CopyrightEric Nyembezi Makoni; Marius Pieterse
PublisherUJ Press
Publication placeJohannesburg
Published on2025-09-02
ISBN978-0-6398899-9-3 (Paperback)
978-0-6398900-0-5 (PDF)
978-0-6398900-2-9 (XML)
978-0-6398900-1-2 (EPUB)
Short abstract

“This book is truly a pharmakon, a potion historically prescribed and a healing adventurously re-imagined. Pharmakon, as the title indicates, shows how the same thing that can be healing, can also poisons us."

Long abstract

“This book is truly a pharmakon, a potion historically prescribed and a healing adventurously re-imagined. Pharmakon, as the title indicates, shows how the same thing that can be healing, can also poisons us. Makoni takes us through the colonial and postcolonial lawscape of urban South Africa and especially Johannesburg, making a case for how injustice was established through planning laws, and all along trying to find ways in which justice can be achieved. This especially pernicious form of spatial violence is shown to have persevered throughout colonial history, with concrete examples of racial capitalism, where state and private initiatives were implicated. makoni shows how the law has been a conspirator of colonial racialisation, and a precious yet precarious compass to help navigate the post-apartheid lands – the law as true pharmakon, with the trophy of spatial justice in the centre of legal concerns.”Andreas Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos Professor of Law & Theory / Artist / Fiction AuthorUniversity of Westminster, London
“Rich in theory, concepts and empirical examples, eric nyembezi makoni's book is a groundbreaking and timely intervention in the field of urban planning and city studies.”Prof. Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni Professor and Chair in Epistemologies of the Global South, University of Bayreuth, Germany
“Through the concept of the lawscape, this book provides an excellent, expansive history of how legal and planning instruments have together shaped South African cities to make spatial racial segregation possible during the colonial and Apartheid era but also to create more inclusive, democratic cities in the post-Apartheid period. PHARMAKON: Urban Law and the Making of Johannesburg is a lucid, critical and yet hopeful book; a must-read for anyone committed to contribute to decolonised cities that promote spatial justice and economic inclusivity.”Dr. Wendy WillemsDepartment of Media and Communications, London School of Economics and Political Science

Print length246 pages
LanguageEnglish (Original)
THEMA
  • JPF
BISAC
  • POL045000
Keywords
  • urban law
  • planning
  • Johannesburg
  • law
  • spatial planning
  • South Africa
  • colonialism
  • decolonialism
  • urbanism
Contents

Foreword

(pp. iii–iv)

    The Structure of this Book

    (pp. xiii–xiv)

      Introduction: Law as Pharmakon

      (pp. v–xiii)

        Urban Law In/Theory

        (pp. 1–20)

          Mapping Spatial In/Difference

          (pp. 21–48)

            A Racial City Imagined

            (pp. 49–80)

              Re/Constituting the Urban

              (pp. 81–121)

                Coloniality Prevails

                (pp. 123–151)

                  Inflection Point/Decoloniality

                  (pp. 153–166)
                    Locations
                    Landing PageFull text URLPlatform
                    PDFhttps://ujonlinepress.uj.ac.za/index.php/ujp/catalog/book/125Landing pagehttps://books.ujonlinepress.uj.ac.za/10.64449/9780639890005.pdfFull text URLTHOTH
                    https://ujonlinepress.uj.ac.za/index.php/ujp/catalog/book/125Landing pagehttps://ujonlinepress.uj.ac.za/index.php/ujp/catalog/view/125/1264/5415Full text URL
                    XMLhttps://ujonlinepress.uj.ac.za/index.php/ujp/catalog/book/125Landing pagehttps://ujonlinepress.uj.ac.za/index.php/ujp/catalog/view/125/1266/5417Full text URL
                    EPUBhttps://ujonlinepress.uj.ac.za/index.php/ujp/catalog/book/125Landing pagehttps://ujonlinepress.uj.ac.za/index.php/ujp/catalog/view/125/1265/5416Full text URL
                    Contributors

                    Eric Nyembezi Makoni

                    (author)
                    https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1378-1953
                    References
                    1. African National Congress (ANC) The Reconstruction and Development Programme (Johannesburg; 1994).
                    2. Alcock GG Kasinomics: African Informal Economies and the People Who Inhabit Them (Johannesburg, Tracey McDonald Publishers; 2015).
                    3. Alden, Chris Apartheid’s Last Stand: The Rise and Fall of the South African Security State (New York, St Martin’s Press; 1996).
                    4. Allen, Victor Leonard The History of Black Mineworkers in South Africa Vol 1 (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan; 2005).
                    5. Allmendinger, Phil & Gunder, Michael ‘Applying Lacanian insight and a dash of Derridean deconstruction to planning’s “dark side”’ (2005) 4(1) Planning Theory 87-112. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095205051444
                    6. Barnes, Anthony & Nel, Verna ‘Putting spatial resilience into practice’ 2017 28(2) Urban Forum 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-017-9303-6
                    7. Beall, Jo, Crankshaw, Owen & Parnell, Susan Uniting a Divided City: Governance and Social Exclusion in Johannesburg (London, Earthscan Publications; 2002). https://doi.org/10.1080/03056240308376
                    8. Beavon, Keith Johannesburg: The Making and Shaping of the City (Pretoria: University of South Africa Press; 2004). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004491809
                    9. Beavon, Keith & Larsen, Pauline ‘Sandton Central, 1969–2013: From open veld to new CBD?’ in Harrison, Philip, Gotz, Graeme, Todes, Alison and Wray, Chris (eds.) Changing Space, Changing City: Johannesburg After Apartheid (Johannesburg, Wits University Press; 2015) 370–394. https://doi.org/10.18772/22014107656.22
                    10. Beinart, William & Delius, Peter ‘The historical context and legacy of the Natives Land Act of 1913’ (2014) 40(4) Journal of Southern African Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2014.930623
                    11. Beverley, Eric ‘Colonial urbanism and South Asian cities’ (2011) 36(4) Social History 483-497. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2011.618286
                    12. Biermann, Sharon ‘Planning support systems in a multi-dualistic spatial planning context’ (2011) 18(4) Journal of Urban Technology 5–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2011.648432
                    13. Binns, Tony & Nel, Etienne ‘Devolving development: Integrated development planning and developmental local government in post-apartheid South Africa’ (2002) 35(8) Regional Studies 921–932. https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340022000012342
                    14. Blandy, Sarah & Sibley, David ‘Law, boundaries and the production of space’ (2010) 19(3) Social & Legal Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663910372178
                    15. Blank, Yishai & Rosen-Zvi, Issachar ‘The spatial turn in legal theory’ (2010) 10(1) Studies in Culture, Polity and Identity 37–60.
                    16. Blaut, James M. (1993) The Colonizer’s Model of the World: Geographical and Eurocentric History (New York, The Guilford Press; 1993).
                    17. Blomley, Nicholas Law, Space, and the Geographies of Power (New York, Guilford Press; 1994).
                    18. Blomley, Nicholas Unsettling the City: Urban Land and the Politics of Property (New York, Routledge; 2004). . https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203499801
                    19. Blomley, Nicholas & Bakan, Joel C. ‘Spacing out: Towards a critical geography of law’ (1992) 30(3) Osgoode Hall Law Journal 661–90.
                    20. Blomley, Nicholas & Clark, Gordon L. ‘Law, theory and geography’, (1990) 11(5) Urban Geography, 433–46. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.11.5.433
                    21. Bond, Patrick Talk Left, Walk Right: South Africa’s Frustrated Global Reforms (Pietermaritzburg, UKZN Press; 2006).
                    22. Bonner, Philip & Segal, Lauren Soweto: A History (Cape Town, Maskew Miller Longman; 1998).
                    23. Bozzoli, Belinda Theatres of Struggle and the End of Apartheid (Athens, Ohio University Press; 2004).
                    24. Braverman, Irus, Blomley, Nicholas, Delaney, David, & Kedar, A. (eds.) The Expanding Spaces of Law: A Timely Legal Geography (Stanford, Stanford University Press; 2015). https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804791878
                    25. Bremner, Lindsay ‘Bounded spaces: Demographic anxieties in post-apartheid Johannesburg’ (2004) 10(4) Social Identities 455–468. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350463042000258908
                    26. Brown-Luthango, Mercy ‘Access to land for the urban poor - Policy proposals for South Africa’ (2010) 21 Urban Forum 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-010-9081-x
                    27. Bundy, Colin ‘Land, law and power: Forced removals in historical context’ in Murray, Christina & O’Regan, Catherine (eds.) No Place to Rest: Forced Removals and the Law in South Africa (Cape Town, Oxford University Press; 1990).
                    28. Butler, Chris Law and the Social Production of Space (PhD dissertation, unpublished; Griffith University, Queensland; 2003). https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663909339084
                    29. Butler, Chris ‘Critical legal studies and the politics of space’ (2009) 18(3) Social & Legal Studies 313–332.
                    30. Caixa Economica Federal The Statute of the City: New Tools for Assuring the Right to the City in Brazil (Sao Paulo, Instituto Polis; 2001).
                    31. Caldeira, Gregory A., Kelemen, Daniel & Whittington, Keith E. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics (Oxford, Oxford University Press; 2008). https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199208425.001.0001
                    32. Calhoun, Craig (ed.) Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford, Blackwell; 1994).
                    33. Callinicos, Luli Who Built Jozi? Discovering Memory at Wits Junction (Johannesburg, Wits University Press; 2012).
                    34. Carp, Jana ‘“Ground-truthing”: Representations of social space: Using Lefebvre’s conceptual triad’ (2008) 28 Journal of Planning Education and Research 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X08324685
                    35. Carr, Will Soweto: Its Creation, Life and Decline (Johannesburg, South African Institute of Race Relations; 1990).
                    36. Cell, John W. The Highest State of White Supremacy: The Origins of Segregation in South Africa and the American South (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; 1982).
                    37. Césaire, Aimé Discourse on Colonialism (Translated by Joan Pinkham) (New York & London, Monthly Review Press; 2000).
                    38. Chakrabarty, Dipesh Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton & Oxford, Princeton University Press; 2008) https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400828654
                    39. Chanock, Martin The Making of South African Legal Culture 1902–1936: Fear, Favour and Prejudice (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; 2001). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511495403
                    40. Charlton, Sarah ‘Inclusion through housing: Limitations and alternatives in Johannesburg’ (2010) 21 Urban Forum 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-010-9076-7
                    41. Charlton, Sarah State Ambitions and Peoples’ Practices. An Exploration of RDP Housing in Johannesburg (PhD dissertation, University of Sheffield; 2013). https://doi.org/10.18772/22014107656.13
                    42. Chenwi, Lilian ‘A new approach to remedies in socioeconomic rights adjudication: Occupiers of 51 Olivia Road and Others v City of Johannesburg and Others’ (2009) 2 (1) Constitutional Court Review 371–393. https://doi.org/10.2989/CCR/2009.0010
                    43. Chipkin, Ivor ‘The political stakes of academic research: Perspectives on Johannesburg’ (2005) 48(2) African Studies Review 87–109.
                    44. Chipkin, Ivor Do South Africans Exist? Nationalism, Democracy and the Identity of ‘the People’ (Johannesburg, Wits University Press; 2007). https://doi.org/10.1353/arw.2005.0054
                    45. Chipkin, Ivor Middle Classing in Roodepoort: Capitalism and Social Change in South Africa (Johannesburg, PARI; 2012). https://doi.org/10.18772/12007044457
                    46. Christopher, A.J. ‘From Flint to Soweto: Reflections on the colonial origins of the apartheid city’ (1983) 15(2) Area 145–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7185(89)90001-8
                    47. Christopher, A.J. ‘Spatial variations in the application of residential segregation in South African Cities’ (1989) 20 Geoforum at 254.
                    48. Christopher, A.J. ‘Segregation levels in South African cities, 1911–1985’ (1992) 25(3) The International Journal of African Historical Studies 561–582. https://doi.org/10.2307/219025
                    49. Christopher, A.J. The Atlas of Apartheid (London, Routledge; 1994).
                    50. Claassens, Aninka ‘Denying ownership and equal citizenship: Continuities in the state’s use of law and ‘custom’, 1913–2013’ (2014) 40(4) Journal of Southern African Studies 761–779. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2014.931061
                    51. Coggin, Thomas & Pieterse, Marius ‘A right to transport? Moving towards a rights-based approach to mobility in the city’ (2015) 31(2) South African Journal on Human Rights 294–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/19962126.2015.11865248
                    52. Coggin, Thomas & Pieterse, Marius ‘Rights and the city: An exploration of the interaction between socio-economic rights and the city’ (2012) 23 Urban Forum 257–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-011-9135-8
                    53. Cole, Tim Holocaust City: The Making of a Jewish Ghetto (New York, Routledge; 2003).
                    54. Cole, Tim Traces of the Holocaust: Journeying in and Out of the Ghettos (New York & London, Continuum Publishing Group; 2011).
                    55. Comaroff, John L. & Comaroff, Jean Ethnicity, Inc. (Chicago, University of Chicago Press; 2009). https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226114736.001.0001
                    56. Cornell, Drusilla & Muvangua, Nyoko (eds.) Ubuntu and the Law: African Ideals and Post-Apartheid Jurisprudence (New York, Fordham University Press; 2012).
                    57. Cross, Catherine ‘Qualitative assessment of the Diepsloot economy’ in Sandeep Mahajan (ed.) Economics of African Townships: Special Focus on Diepsloot (Washington DC, World Bank Group; 2014). https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0301-7_ch5
                    58. Cousins, Ben & Walker, Cherryl (eds.) Land Divided, Land Restored: Land Reform in South Africa for the 21st Century (Johannesburg, Jacana Media; 2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199689248.003.0050
                    59. Davenport, Jade Digging Deep: A History of Mining in South Africa, 1852–2002 (Cape Town, Jonathan Ball Publishers; 2013).
                    60. Davenport, Rodney T.H. The Beginnings of Urban Segregation in South Africa (Grahamstown, Rhodes University; 1971).
                    61. David, Mike Planet of Slums (London & New York, Verso; 2007).
                    62. Delaney, David ‘Legal geography I: Constitutivities, complexities, and contingencies’ (2015) 39(1) Progress in Human Geography 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132514527035
                    63. Demissie, Fassil ‘Controlling and ‘civilising the natives’ through architecture and town planning in South Africa’ (2004) 10(4) Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture 483–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350463042000258926
                    64. Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs Integrated Urban Development Framework (Pretoria; 2016).
                    65. Department of Human Settlements The National Housing Code: A Simplified Guide to the National Housing Code (Pretoria; 2009).
                    66. Derrida, Jacques Dissemination (translated by Johnson, Barbara) (London, Athlone Press; 1981) https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226816340.001.0001
                    67. De Villiers, Isolde ‘Leibniz, Lefebvre and the spatial turn in law’ (2016) 72(1) HTS Teologiese/Theological Studies) 1–6. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v72i1.3505
                    68. De Visser, Jaap Developmental Local Government: A Case Study of South Africa (Antwerpen, Intersentia Publishers; 2005).
                    69. Dewar, David ‘The urban question’ (1995) 179(4) Third World Planning Review 407-418. https://doi.org/10.3828/twpr.17.4.vm0850p913820019
                    70. Dickinson, Gerard S. ‘Blue Moonlight rising: Evictions, alternative accommodation and a comparative perspective on affordable housing solutions in Johannesburg’ (2011) 27(3) South African Journal on Human Rights 466–495. https://doi.org/10.1080/19962126.2011.11865025
                    71. Du Bois, William E. B. The Souls of Black Folk (New York, Dover Publications; [1903] 1994).
                    72. Dubow, Saul Racial Segregation and the Origins of Apartheid in South Africa, 1919-36 (London, Macmillan Press; 1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20041-2
                    73. Dubow, Saul Afrikaner Nationalism, Apartheid, and the Conceptualisation of ‘Race’ (Johannesburg, University of the Witwatersrand, African Studies Institute; 1991).
                    74. Dugard, Jackie ‘Urban basic services in South Africa: Rights, reality and resistance’ in Langford, Malcolm, Cousins, Ben, Dugard, Jackie & Madlingozi, Tshepo (eds.) Socio-Economic Rights in South Africa: Symbols or Substance? (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; 2013). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139108591.013
                    75. Dugard, Jackie ‘Beyond Blue Moonlight: The implications of judicial avoidance in relation to the provision of alternative housing’ (2014) 5 Constitutional Court Review 265–279. https://doi.org/10.2989/CCR.2013.0010
                    76. Dugmore, Charles ‘From the “Devil’s dorp” to “fair dorp”: The transformation of Krugersdorp from a transient mining boomtown into a stable settler town, 1887 to 1905’ (2010) 62(2) South African Historical Journal 338–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/02582473.2010.493007
                    77. Duncan, David The Mills of God: The State and African Labour in South Africa 1918-1948 (Johannesburg, Wits University Press; 1995).
                    78. Durrheim, Kevin ‘Socio-spatial practice and racial representations in a changing South Africa’ (2005) 35(3) South African Journal of Psychology 444–459. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630503500304
                    79. Dussel, Enrique Twenty Theses on Politics (Translated by Ciccariello-Maher, George) (Durham, Duke University Press; 2008). https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822389446
                    80. Edelman, Peter Not a Crime to be Poor: The Criminalization of Poverty in America (New York, The New Press; 2017).
                    81. Evans, Ivan Bureaucracy and Race: Native Administration in South Africa (Berkeley, University of California Press; 1997). https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520918245
                    82. Fainstein, Susan S. ‘The just city’ (2014) 18(1) International Journal of Urban Sciences 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2013.834643
                    83. Faludi, Andreas ‘The performance of spatial planning’ (2000) 15 (4) Planning Practice & Research 299–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/713691907
                    84. Fanon, Frantz The Wretched of the Earth (Translated by Farrington, C.) (New York, Grove Press; 1963).
                    85. Fatten, Robert Black Consciousness in South Africa: The Dialectics of Ideological Resistance to White Supremacy (Albany, State University of New York; 1986).
                    86. Forest, Benjamin ‘The legal (de)construction of geography: Race and political community in Supreme Court redistricting decisions’ 2004 5(1) Social and Cultural Geography 55–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/1464936042000181317
                    87. Foucault, Michel Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York, Vintage Books; 1977).
                    88. Fraser, Nancy ‘Social Justice in the Age of Identity Politics: Redistribution, Recognition, and Participation’ (The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Delivered at Stanford University; 30 April–2 May 1996).
                    89. Freund, Bill ‘Contrasts in urban segregation: A tale of two cities, Durban (South Africa) and Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)’ (2001) 27(3) Journal of Southern African Studies 527-546.
                    90. Freund, Bill The African City: A History (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; 2007). https://doi.org/10.1080/13632430120074572
                    91. Friedman, Steven ‘Belonging of another type: Whiteness and African identity’ in Adibe, Jidiofor (2009) (ed.) Who is an African? Identity, Citizenship and the Making of the Africa-Nation (London, Adonis and Abbey Publishers; 2009) 79-83.
                    92. Glaser, Clive ‘Violent crime in South Africa’ (2008) 60(3) South African Historical Journal 334–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/02582470802417433
                    93. Glaser, Clive Bo-Tsotsi: The Youth Gangs of Soweto, 1935–1976 (Oxford, James Currey; 2000).
                    94. Glaser, Daryl Politics and Society in South Africa (London, Sage Publications; 2001). https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446216910
                    95. Goldberg, David T. The Threat of Race: Reflections on Racial Neoliberalism (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing; 2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444304695
                    96. Goldberg, David T. Are We All Postracial Yet: Debating Race (Cambridge, Polity Press; 2015).
                    97. Goodhew, David Respectability and Resistance: A History of Sophiatown (Westport, Praeger; 2004). https://doi.org/10.5040/9798216984887
                    98. Gordon, Lewis R. Disciplinary Decadence: Living Thought in Trying Times (London, Paradigm Publishers; 2006).
                    99. Gordon, Lewis R. ‘Disciplinary Decadence and the Decolonisation of Knowledge’ (2014) XXXIX 1 Africa Development 81–92.
                    100. Gorodnov, Valentin Soweto: Life and Struggles of a South African Township (Moscow, Progress Publishers; 1988).
                    101. Gramsci, Antonio, Hoare, Quintin & Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey (eds.) Selections from the Prison Notes (New York, International Publishers; 1971).
                    102. Grosfoguel, Ramon ‘The epistemic decolonial turn: Beyond political-economy paradigms’ (2007) 21(2–3) Cultural Studies 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380601162514
                    103. Grosfoguel, Ramon ‘A decolonial approach to political-economy: Transmodernity, border thinking and global coloniality’ (2009) 6 Kult 10–38.
                    104. Grosfoguel, Ramon ‘Decolonizing post-colonial studies and paradigms of political economy: Transmodernity, decolonial thinking, and global coloniality’ (2011) 1(1) Transmodernity: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World 1–35. https://doi.org/10.5070/T411000004
                    105. Halpin, Andrew ‘Ideology and law’ (2006) 11(2) Journal of Political Ideologies 153-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569310600687932
                    106. Harrison, Philip ‘Integrated development plans and third way politics’ in Pillay, Udesh, Tomlinson, Richard & Du Toit, Jacques (eds.) Democracy and Delivery: Urban Policy in South Africa (Cape Town, HSRC Press; 2006) 186–207. https://doi.org/10.18772/22014107656
                    107. Harrison, Philip, Gotz, Graeme, Todes, Alison & Wray, Chris (eds.) Changing Space, Changing City: Johannesburg After Apartheid (Johannesburg, Wits University Press; 2015).
                    108. Harrison, Philip & Harrison, Kirsten (2014) ‘Soweto: A study in socio-spatial differentiation’ in Harrison, Philip, Gotz, Graeme, Todes, Alison & Wray, Chris (eds.) Changing Space, Changing City: Johannesburg After Apartheid (Johannesburg, Wits University Press; 2015) 293–318. https://doi.org/10.18772/22014107656.19
                    109. Harrison, Philip, Huchzermeyer, Marie & Mayekiso, Mzwanele (eds.) Confronting Fragmentation: Housing and Urban Development in a Democratic Society (Cape Town, UCT Press; 2003).
                    110. Harrison, Philip, Todes, Alison & Watson, Vanessa Planning and Transformation: Learning from the Past Experience (New York, Routledge; 2008). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203007983
                    111. Harrison, Philip & Zack, Tanya ‘The power of mining: The fall of gold and rise of Johannesburg’ (2012) 30(4) Journal of Contemporary African Studies 551–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2012.724869
                    112. Harrison, Philip & Zack, Tanya ‘The wrong side of the mining belt’ In Harrison, Philip, Gotz, Graeme, Todes, Alison & Wray, Chris (eds.) Changing Space, Changing City: Johannesburg After Apartheid (Johannesburg, Wits University Press; 2015) 269–292. https://doi.org/10.18772/22014107656.18
                    113. Harvey, David Social Justice and the City (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press; 1973).
                    114. Harvey, David The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism (Oxford & New York, Oxford University Press; 2010).
                    115. Harvey, David Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution (London & New York, Verso; 2012).
                    116. Harvey, David & Potter, Cuz ‘The right to the just city’ in Marcuse, Peter, Connolly, James, Novy, Johannes, Olivo, Ingrid, Potter, Cuz and Steil, Justin (eds.) Searching for The Just City (New York, Routledge; 2009).
                    117. Healey, Patsy ‘Civic engagement, spatial planning and democracy as a way of life’ (2008) 9(3) Planning Theory & Practice 379–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649350802277092
                    118. Hepple, Alex ‘Labour and Labour Laws in South Africa’ (1956) Africa South 24–32.
                    119. Herman, Edward S. & Chomsky, Noam Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York, Pantheon Books; 1988).
                    120. Heidenreich Felix & Florian Weber-Stein ‘Bernard Stiegler: Elements of pharmacology: An interview with Felix Heidenreich and Florian Weber-Stein’ in The Politics of Digital Pharmacology: Exploring the Craft of Collective Care (Bielefeld, Transcript Publishing; 2022). https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839462492
                    121. Hill, Dilys M. Citizens and Cities: Urban Policy in the 1990s (New York, Harvester Wheatsheaf; 1994).
                    122. Hirson, Baruch ‘Apartheid laws and regulations: Introduced and rescinded: A short summary’ (1995) 12 Searchlight South Africa 14–15. https://doi.org/10.1215/07323867-15-1-12
                    123. Holston, James ‘Insurgent citizenship in an era of global urban perils’ (2009) 21(2) City & Society 245–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-744X.2009.01024.x
                    124. Hopkins, Kevin G. ‘Democracy, government policy, and law in South Africa: A reply to Marie Huchzermeyer’ (2003) 14(1) Urban Forum 108–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-003-0005-x
                    125. Horrell, Muriel Legal and Race Relations: A Summary of the Main South African Laws Which Affect Race Relationships (Johannesburg, South African Institute of Race Relations; 1971).
                    126. Hubbard, Phil, Kitchin, Rob, Bartley, Brendan, & Fuller, Duncan Thinking Geographically: Space, Theory and Contemporary Human Geography (London, Continuum; 2002).
                    127. Huchzermeyer, Marie ‘Addressing segregation through housing policy and finance’ in Harrison, Philip, Huchzermeyer, Marie & Mayekiso, Mzwanele (eds.) Confronting Fragmentation: Housing and Urban Development in a Democratic Society (Cape Town: UCT Press; 2003) 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-003-0004-y
                    128. Huchzermeyer, Marie ‘Housing rights in South Africa: Invasions, evictions, the media, and the courts in the cases of Grootboom, Alexandra, and Bredell’ (2003) 14(1) Urban Forum 80-107.
                    129. Huchzermeyer, Marie Unlawful Occupation: Informal Settlements and Urban Policy in South Africa and Brazil (Trenton, Africa World Press; 2004).
                    130. Huchzermeyer, Marie ‘The legal meaning of Lefebvre’s the right to the city: Addressing the gap between global campaign and scholarly debate’ (2018) GeoJournal 1–18.
                    131. Huxley, Margo ‘Planning as a framework of power: Utilitarian reform, enlightenment logic and the control of urban space’ in Ferber, Sara, Healy, Chris & McAuliffe Chris (eds.) Beasts of Suburbia: Reinterpreting Cultures in Australian Suburbs (Melbourne, Melbourne University Press; 1994) 94–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654319708720432
                    132. Huxley, Margo ‘Necessary but by no means sufficient ...: Spatial political economy, town planning and the possibility of better cities’ (1997) 5(6) European Planning Studies 741-751.
                    133. Innes, Duncan Anglo American and the Rise of Modern South Africa (Johannesburg, Ravan Press; 1984).
                    134. Jenkins, Catherine ‘Transitional justice: Lessons from South Africa?’ in Jenkins, Catherine & Du Plessis, Max (eds.) Law, Nation-Building & Transformation: The South African Experience in Perspective (Cambridge, Intersentia; 2014) 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781839700668.002
                    135. Jenkins, Catherine & Du Plessis, Max (eds.) Law, Nation-Building & Transformation: The South African Experience in Perspective (Cambridge, Intersentia; 2014).
                    136. Kallaway, Peter & Pearson, Patrick Johannesburg: Images and Continuities: A History of Working Class Life through Pictures, 1885–1935 (Braamfontein, Ravan Press; 1986). https://doi.org/10.1017/9781839700668
                    137. Katz, Elaine N. ‘Revisiting the origins of the industrial colour bar in the Witwatersrand gold mining industry, 1891–1899’ (2010) 25(1) Journal of Southern African Studies 73–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/030570799108768
                    138. Khan, Firoz ‘Developmental Local Government and Local Economic Development: Combining Macro and Micro Institutions of Development (Johannesburg, Electoral Institute for Sustainability in Africa; 1998).
                    139. Kipfer, Stefan ‘Fanon and space: Colonisation, urbanisation, and literation from the colonial to the global city’ (2007) 25 Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 701–726. https://doi.org/10.1068/dkipfer
                    140. Klare, Karl ‘Legal culture and transformative constitutionalism’ (1998) 14(1) South African Journal on Human Rights 146–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/02587203.1998.11834974
                    141. Klug, Heinz Constituting Democracy: Law, Globalism and South Africa’s Political Reconstruction (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; 2000). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511560156
                    142. Knevel, Paul ‘Sophiatown as a lieu de memoire’ (2015) 74(1) African Studies 51-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2014.998063
                    143. Koch, Eddie ‘Without visible means of subsistence: Slumyard culture in Johannesburg, 1918-1940’ in Bozzoli, Belinda Town and Countryside in the Transvaal: Capitalist Penetration and Popular Response (Johannesburg, Ravan Press; 1983).
                    144. Landman, Karina ‘Gated communities in South Africa: The challenge for spatial and land use management’ (2004) 75(2) The Town Planning Review 151–172. https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.75.2.3
                    145. Landman, Karina & Badenhorst, Willem ‘Gated communities and spatial transformation in Greater Johannesburg’ in Harrison, Philip, Gotz, Graeme, Todes, Alison & Wray, Chris (eds.) Changing Space, Changing City: Johannesburg After Apartheid (Johannesburg, Wits University Press; 2015) 215-229. https://doi.org/10.18772/22014107656.15
                    146. Landman, Karina & Schonteich, Martin ‘Urban fortresses: Gated communities as a reaction to crime’ (2002) 11(4) African Security Review 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2002.9628147
                    147. Langa, Pius ‘Transformative constitutionalism’ (2006) 17 Stellenbosch Law Review 351-360.
                    148. Lange, Lis White, Poor and Angry: White Working Class Families in Johannesburg (Oxford, Ashgate Publishing; 2003).
                    149. Langford, Malcom ‘Introduction: Civil society and socio-economic rights’ in Langford, Malcom, Cousins, Ben, Dugard, Jackie & Madlingozi, Tshepo (eds.) Socio-Economic Rights in South Africa: Symbols or Substances? (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; 2014) 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139108591.002
                    150. Larson, Erik & Schmidt, Patrick The Law and Society Reader II (New York & London, New York University Press; 2014).
                    151. Laubscher, Nic, Hoffman Lizette, Drewes Ernst & Nysschen Jan SPLUMA: A Practical Guide (Johannesburg, LexisNexis; 2016).
                    152. Le Roux, Wessel ‘Planning law, crime control and the spatial dynamics of post-apartheid street democracy’ 2006) 21(1) SA Publiekreg/SA Public Law 25–50. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047442370
                    153. Lefebvre, Henri The Survival of Capitalism: Reproduction of the Relations of Production (Translated by Bryant, Frank) (New York, St Martin’s Press; 1973/1976).
                    154. Lefebvre, Henri The Production of Space (Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith) (Oxford, Blackwell; [1974] 1991).
                    155. Lemanski, Charlotte ‘Residential responses to fear (of crime plus) in two Cape Town suburbs: Implications for the post-apartheid city’ (2006) 18(6) Journal of International Development 787–802. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1314
                    156. Lemon, Anthony (ed.) Homes Apart: South Africa’s Segregated Cities (London, Paul Chapman Publishing; 1991).
                    157. Lemon, Anthony & Williams, Owen Apartheid: A Geography of Separation (London, Saxon House; 1976).
                    158. Leong, Nancy ‘Racial capitalism’ (2013) 12 (8) Harvard Law Review 2151–2226. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2329804
                    159. Liebenberg, Sandra ‘Toward an equality-promoting interpretation of socio-economic rights in South Africa: Insights from the egalitarian liberal tradition’ (2015) 132(2) South African Law Journal 411–437.
                    160. Mabin, Alan ‘Labour, capital, class struggle and the origins of residential segregation in Kimberley’ (1986) 12 Journal of Historical Geography 4–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-7488(86)80004-4
                    161. Mabin, Alan Doom at One Stroke of a Pen: Planning and Group Areas, 1935–1955 (Johannesburg, History Workshop - Wits University; 1990).
                    162. Mabin, Alan ‘Comprehensive segregation: The origins of the Group Areas Act and its planning apparatuses’ (1992) 18(2) Journal of Southern African Studies 405-429. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057079208708320
                    163. Mabin, Alan ‘Dispossession, exploitation and struggle: An historical overview of South African urbanisation’ in Smith, David M. (ed.) The Apartheid City and Beyond: Urbanisation and Social Change in South Africa (London & New York, Routledge; 1992) 12–24.
                    164. Mabin, Alan ‘Suburbanisation, segregation, and government of territorial transformations’ (2005) 56 Transformation 41–64. https://doi.org/10.1353/trn.2005.0030
                    165. Mabin, Alan ‘In the forest of transformation: Johannesburg’s northern suburbs’ in Harrison, Philip, Gotz, Graeme, Todes, Alison & Wray, Chris (eds.) Changing Space, Changing City: Johannesburg After Apartheid (Johannesburg, Wits University Press; 2015) 395-417. https://doi.org/10.18772/22014107656.23
                    166. Mabin, Alan & Smit, Dan ‘Reconstructing South Africa’s cities? The making of urban planning 1900–2000’ (1997) 12(2) Planning Perspectives 193–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/026654397364726
                    167. Macmillan, Hugh ‘Mining, housing and welfare in South Africa and Zambia: An historical perspective’ (2012) 30(4) Journal of Contemporary African Studies 539–550. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2012.736782
                    168. Makoni, Eric N. Twenty Year Review of South Africa: Changing Public Service (Commissioned background paper) (Pretoria, Department of Planning, Monitoring & Evaluation [DPME]; 2014).
                    169. Maldonado-Torres, Nelson ‘On the Coloniality of Being: Contributions to the Development of a Concept’ (2007) 21(2–3) Cultural Studies 240–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380601162548
                    170. Maldonado-Torres, Nelson Against War: View from the Underside of Modernity (Durham, Duke University Press; 2008). https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11smnhg
                    171. Maldonado-Torres, Nelson ‘Thinking through the decolonial turn: Post-continental interventions in theory, philosophy, and critique - An introduction’ (2011) Transmodernity: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of Luso-Hispanic World 1-25. https://doi.org/10.5070/T412011805
                    172. Maldonado-Torres, Nelson Outline of the Ten Theses on Coloniality and Decoloniality (Paris, Frantz Fanon Foundation; 2016).
                    173. Maldonado-Torres, Nelson ‘The decolonial turn’ in Poblete, Juan (ed.) New Approaches to Latin American Studies: Culture and Power (New York & London, Routledge; 2018) 111–127. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315158365-8
                    174. Maloka, Tshidiso ‘“White death” and African disease: Silicosis on the Witwatersrand gold mines’ (2009) 34(1) South African Historical Journal 249–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/02582479608671876
                    175. Mamdani, Mahmood Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton, Princeton University Press; 1996).
                    176. Mamdani, Mahmood ‘When does a settler become a native? Citizenship and identity in a settler society’ (2001) 10(1) Pretext: Literacy and Cultural Studies 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/10155490125536
                    177. Mandy, Nigel A City Divided: Johannesburg and Soweto (Johannesburg, Macmillan; 1984).
                    178. Marcus, G. ‘Section 5 of the 1927 Black Administration Act’, in Murray, Christina & O’Regan, Catherine (eds.) No Place to Rest: Forced Removals and the Law in South Africa (Cape Town, Oxford University Press; 1990).
                    179. Mather, C. ‘Residential segregation and Johannesburg’s “locations in the sky”’ (1987) 69(2) South African Geographical Journal 119–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.1987.10559746
                    180. Mayer, Margit ‘The “right to the city” in urban social movements’ in Brenner, Neil, Marcuse, Peter & Mayer, Margit (eds.) Cities for People Not for Profit: Critical Urban Theory and The Right to the City (London, Routledge; 2012).
                    181. Maylam, Paul ‘Explaining the apartheid city: 20 years of South African urban historiography’ (1995) 21(1) Journal of Southern African Studies 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057079508708431
                    182. Mbembe, Achille On the Postcolony (Berkeley, University of California Press; 2001).
                    183. Mbembe, Achille ‘Aesthetics of superfluity’ (2004) 16(3) Public Culture 373-405. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-16-3-373
                    184. Mbembe, Achille ‘The society of enmity’ (2016) 200 Radical Philosophy 23-35.
                    185. Mbembe, Achille Critique of Black Reason (Translated by Laurent Dubois) (Durham, Duke University Press; 2017). https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv125jgv8
                    186. Mbembe, Achille & Nuttall, Sarah ‘Writing the World from an African Metropolis’ (2004) 16(3) Public Culture 347–372. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-16-3-347
                    187. Mbembe, Achille & Nuttall, Sarah ‘A blasé attitude: A response to Michael Watts’ (2005) 17(1) Public Culture 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-17-1-193
                    188. McCarthy, Jeff ‘The divided city: Group Areas and racial segregation’ in Bernstein, Ann, McCarthy, Jeff & Howe, Graham (eds.) Opening the Cities: Comparative Perspectives on Desegregation (Johannesburg, Indicator South Africa; 1990).
                    189. Mignolo, Walter D. ‘The many faces of cosmopolis: Border thinking and critical cosmopolitanism’ (2000) 12(3) Public Culture 721–748. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-12-3-721
                    190. Mignolo, Walter D. Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges and Border Thinking (Princeton, Princeton University Press; 2000).
                    191. Mignolo, Walter D. ‘Delinking: The rhetoric of modernity, the logic of coloniality and the grammar of de-coloniality’ (2007) 21(2–3) Cultural Studies 449–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380601162647
                    192. Mignolo, Walter D. ‘The darker side of modernity, coloniality and modernity/rationality’ (2007) 21(2–3) Cultural Studies 155–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380601162498
                    193. Mignolo, Walter D. ‘Dispensable and bare lives: Coloniality and the hidden political/economic agenda of modernity’ (2009) VII(2) Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge 69–88.
                    194. Mignolo, Walter D. ‘Epistemic disobedience and the decolonial option: A manifesto’ (2011) 1(2) Transmodernity: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World 44–66. https://doi.org/10.5070/T412011807
                    195. Mignolo, Walter D. ‘Border thinking, decolonial cosmopolitanism, and dialogues among civilizations’ in Rovisco, Maria & Nowicka, Magdalena (eds.) The Ashgate Research Companion to Cosmopolitanism (Oxford, Ashgate; 2011) 329-348.
                    196. Mignolo, Walter D. The Darker Side of Western Modernity: Global Futures, Decolonial Options (Durham & London, Duke University Press; 2011). https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822394501
                    197. Miller, Karen Public Sector Reform Governance in South Africa (Aldershot, Ashgate; 2005).
                    198. Miraftab, Faranak ‘Insurgent planning: Situating radical planning in the Global South’ (2009) 8(1) Planning Theory 32–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095208099297
                    199. Mitchell, Don The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Social Justice (New York & London, Guilford Press; 2003).
                    200. Mkhize, Khwezi ‘Fables of death: Law, race and representations of the African mine workers in Umteteleli Wa Bantu in the 1920s’ (2010) 22(2) Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/1013929X.2010.9678346
                    201. Mokgoro, Yvonne ‘Ubuntu and the law in South Africa’ (1998) (1) Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4314/pelj.v1i1.43567
                    202. Moran, Leslie ‘The safety and dangers of enclosed communities: Space, social justice and the emotions’ (2006) 21(1) SA Publiekreg/SA Public Law 72–94.
                    203. Morris, Alan ‘Race relations and racism in a racially diverse inner-city neighbourhood: A case study of Hillbrow, Johannesburg’ (1999) 4 Journal of Southern African Studies 667–694. https://doi.org/10.1080/030570799108524
                    204. Muller, Gustav ‘The legal-historical context of urban forced evictions in South Africa’ (2013) 19(2) Fundamina: A Journal of Legal History 367–396.
                    205. Murray, Martin J. Taming the Disorderly City: The Spatial Landscape of Johannesburg after Apartheid (Ithaca, Cornell University Press; 2008). https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501717000
                    206. Murray, Martin J. City of Extremes: The Spatial Politics of Johannesburg (Durham & London, Duke University Press; 2011). https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822391814
                    207. Musterd, Sako & De Winter, Marielle ‘Conditions for spatial segregation: Some European perspectives’ (1998) 22(4) International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 665–673. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00168
                    208. Musterd, Sako & Ostendorf, Wim (eds.) Urban Segregation and the Welfare State (Oxford, Routledge; 1998).
                    209. Myers, Garth African Cities: Alternative Visions of Urban Theory and Practice (London, Zed Books Ltd; 2011). https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350218123
                    210. National Party Apartheid: The NP’s 1947 Manifesto (Pretoria; 1947).
                    211. Native Economic Commission The Native Question (Johannesburg, Historical Papers Research Archive; [1931] 2013).
                    212. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. ‘Coloniality of Power in Development Studies and the Impact of Global Imperial Designs on Africa’ (Inaugural Lecture, University of South Africa; 2012).
                    213. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. Coloniality of Power in Postcolonial Africa: Myths of Decolonization (Dakar, CODESRIA Books; 2013).
                    214. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. Empire, Global Coloniality and African Subjectivity (New York & Oxford, Berghahn Books; 2013). https://doi.org/10.3167/9780857459510
                    215. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. Epistemic Freedom in Africa: Deprovincialization and Decolonization (New York, Routledge; 2018). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429492204
                    216. Nel, Verna ‘SPLUMA, zoning and effective land use management in South Africa’ (2016) 27(1) Urban Forum 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-015-9265-5
                    217. Neocosmos, Michael From ‘Foreign Natives’ to ‘Native Foreigners’: Explaining Xenophobia in Post-Apartheid South Africa (Dakar, CODESRIA; 2010).
                    218. Ngcukaitobi, Tembeka The Land is Ours: South Africa’s First Black Lawyers and the Birth of Constitutionalism (Johannesburg, Penguin Random House; 2018).
                    219. Nhlapo, Thandabantu ‘Customary law in post-apartheid South Africa: Constitutional confrontations in culture, gender and ‘living law’ (2017) 33(1) South African Journal on Human Rights 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/02587203.2017.1303900
                    220. Njoh, Ambe J. ‘“The right-to-the-city question” and indigenous urban populations in capital cities in Cameroon’ (2015) Journal of Asian and African Studies 1-13.
                    221. Njoh, Ambe. J. Planning Power: Town Planning and Social Control in Colonial Africa (London, UCL Press; 2007). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203964866
                    222. Nuttall, Sarah ‘City forms and writing the “now” in South Africa’ (2004) 30(4) Journal of Southern African Studies 773–748. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305707042000313988
                    223. Ocran, Justice M. ‘The clash of legal cultures: The treatment of indigenous law in colonial and post-colonial Africa’ (2015) 39(2) Akron Law Review 465–481.
                    224. Oranje, Mark ‘Neoliberalism, shallow dreaming and the unyielding apartheid’ in Tasan-Kok, Tuna & Baeten, Guy (eds.) Contradictions of Neoliberal Planning: Cities, Policies, and Politics (New York, Springer; 2012) 173–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8924-3_10
                    225. Oranje, Mark & Berrisford, Stephen ‘Planning law reform and change in post-apartheid South Africa’ in Hartmann, Thomas & Needham, Barrie (eds.) Planning by Law and Property Rights Reconsidered (London, Ashgate; 2012) at 55-70.
                    226. Parnell, Susan ‘Sanitation, S=segregation and the Native (Urban Areas) Act: African E=exclusion from Johannesburg’s Malay location, 1897–1925’ (1991) 17(3) Journal of Historical Geography 271–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-7488(05)80003-9
                    227. Parnell, Susan ‘Johannesburg’s slums and racial segregation in South Africa, 1910–1937’ (PhD dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; 1993).
                    228. Parnell, Susan ‘Creating racial privilege: The origins of South African public health and town planning legislation’ 1993 (3) Journal of Southern African Studies 471-488. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057079308708370
                    229. Parnell, Susan & Crankshaw, Owen ‘The Politics of ‘Race’ and the Transformation of the Post-Apartheid Space Economy’ (2013) 28(4) Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 589–603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-013-9345-6
                    230. Parnell, Susan & Robinson, Jenny ‘Development and urban policy: Johannesburg’s city development strategy’ (2006) 43(2) Urban Studies 337–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500406710
                    231. Phakathi, Timothy S. ‘Worker agency in colonial, apartheid and post-apartheid gold mining workplace regimes’ (2012) 39(132) Review of African Political Economy 279-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2012.688806
                    232. Philip, Kate ‘A history of townships in South Africa’ in Mahajan, Sandeep (ed.) Economics of African Townships: Special Focus on Diepsloot (Washington DC, World Bank; 2014). https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0301-7_ch1
                    233. Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, Andreas (ed.) Law and the City (Abingdon, Routledge-Cavendish; 2007). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203945155
                    234. Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, Andreas ‘Law’s spatial turn: Geography, justice and a certain fear of space’ (2010) XX(X) Law, Culture and the Humanities 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1743872109355578
                    235. Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, Andreas ‘Spatial justice: Law and the geography of withdrawal’ (2010) 6(3) International Journal of Law in Context 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1017/S174455231000011X
                    236. Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, Andreas ‘Atmospheres of law: Senses, affects, lawscapes’ (2013) 7 Emotion, Space and Society 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2012.03.001
                    237. Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, Andreas ‘Spatial justice in the lawscape’ in Brighenti, Andrea M. (ed.) Urban Interstices: The Aesthetics and Politics of the In-Between (Surrey, Ashgate; 2013) 87–102. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315548807-4
                    238. Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, Andreas ‘Critical autopoiesis and the materiality of law’ (2014) 27(2) International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 389–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-013-9328-7
                    239. Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, Andreas Spatial Justice: Body, Lawscape, Atmosphere (New York, Routledge; 2015). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315780528
                    240. Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, Andreas ‘The spatial justice of dispossession: Four lessons’ in Dispossession: Wroclaw Cultural Capital of Europe 2016 Exhibition Catalogue (Wroclaw, Biuro Festiwalowe IMPART; 2016) 79–88.
                    241. Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, Andreas ‘Withdrawing from atmosphere: An ontology of air partitioning and affective engineering’ (2016) 34(1) Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 150–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775815600443
                    242. Pieterse, Edgar ‘Interdisciplinary Debates on Development and Cultures: Cities in Development - Spaces, Conflicts and Agency’ (Conference Paper, Leuven University; 15 December 2009).
                    243. Pieterse, Edgar A. & Simone, Abdou M. Rogue Urbanism: Emergent African Cities (Johannesburg, Jacana Media; 2013).
                    244. Pieterse, Marius ‘Beyond the welfare state: Globalisation of neoliberal culture and the constitutional protection of social and economic rights in South Africa’ (2003) 14(1) Stellenbosch Law Review 3–28.
                    245. Pieterse, Marius ‘Possibilities and Pitfalls in the Domestic Enforcement of Social Rights: Contemplating the South African Experience’ (2004) 26 Human Rights Quarterly 882–905. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2004.0053
                    246. Pieterse, Marius ‘What do we mean when we talk about transformative constitutionalism?’ (2004) 20 SA Publiekreg/Public Law 155–166.
                    247. Pieterse, Marius ‘Development, the tights to the city and the legal and constitutional responsibilities of local government in South Africa’ (2014) 131 The South African Law Journal 149–177.
                    248. Pieterse, Marius Rights-Based Litigation, Urban Governance and Social Justice in South Africa: The Right to Joburg (New York, Routledge; 2017). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315163710
                    249. Pillay, Udesh ‘Urban policy in post-apartheid South Africa: Context, Evolution and future directions’ (2008) 19 Urban Forum 109–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-008-9038-5
                    250. Pillay, Udesh, Tomlinson, Richard & Du Toit, Jacques (eds.) Democracy and Delivery: Urban Policy in South Africa (Cape Town, HSRC Press; 2006).
                    251. Platzky, Laurine & Walker, Cherryl The Surplus People: Forced Removals in South Africa (Johannesburg, Ravan Press; 1985).
                    252. Popke, Emile J. Deconstructing Apartheid Space: Negotiating Alterity and History in Durban’s Cato Manor (PhD Dissertation, University of Kentucky; 1999).
                    253. Purcell, Mark ‘Citizenship and the right to the global city: Reimagining the capitalist world order’ (2003) 27(3) International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 564–590. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00467
                    254. Quijano, Anibal ‘Coloniality of power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America’ (2000) 1(3) Nepantla: Views from the South 533–579.
                    255. Quijano, Anibal ‘The coloniality of power and social classification’ (2000) 6(2) Journal of World Systems 342–386. https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2000.228
                    256. Quijano, Anibal ‘Coloniality and modernity/rationality’ (2007) 21(2–3) Cultural Studies 168–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380601164353
                    257. Rabinow, Paul (ed.) The Foucault Reader: An Introduction to Foucault’s Thought. (London, Penguin; 1991).
                    258. Ramutsindela, Maano ‘Resilient geographies: Land, boundaries and the consolidation of the former bantustans in post-1994 South Africa’ (2007) 173(1) The Geographical Journal 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2007.00230.x
                    259. Rand Pioneers Incorporated Seventh Annual Report, 1908–1909 (Johannesburg; 1909).
                    260. Razack, Sherene ‘When place becomes race’ in Razack, Sherene (ed.) Race, Space, and the Law: Unmapping a White Settler Society (Toronto, Between the Lines; 2002) 1-20.
                    261. Robinson, Jennifer ‘Administrative strategies and political power in South Africa’s black townships 1930–1960’ (1991) 2(2) Urban Forum 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03036679
                    262. Robinson, Jennifer ‘The geopolitics of South African cities: States, citizens, territory’ (1997) 16(5) Political Geography 365–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-6298(96)00019-4
                    263. Robinson, Jennifer The Power of Apartheid: State, Power and Space in South African Cities (Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann; 1996).
                    264. Rodney, Walter How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (London, Verso; [1972] 2018).
                    265. Rogerson, Christian M. ‘Restructuring the post-apartheid space economy’ (1998) 32(2) Regional Studies 187–197.
                    266. Rogerson, Christian M. ‘Towards the World-Class African City: Planning Local Economic Development in Johannesburg’ (2004) 34(4) Africa Insight 12–21.
                    267. Roy, Ananya ‘Dis/possessive collectivism: Property and personhood at city’s end’ (2017) 80 Geoforum 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.12.012
                    268. Sales, William ‘A Black Scholar interview: Making South Africa ungovernable - ANC strategy for the ‘80s’ (1984) 15(6) The Black Scholar 2–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00064246.1984.11760833
                    269. Santos, Boaventura de Sousa ‘Law and community: The changing nature of state power in late capitalism’ (1980) 8 International Journal of Sociology of Law 379-397.
                    270. Santos, Boaventura de Sousa ‘Law, state and urban struggles in Recife, Brazil’ (1992) 1 Social and Legal Studies 235–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/096466399200100208
                    271. Santos, Boaventura de Sousa Toward a New Legal Common Sense: Law, Globalization, and Emancipation (London, Butterworths; 2002). https://doi.org/10.1163/22112596-02201011
                    272. Santos, Boaventura de Sousa (ed.) Another World Is Possible: Beyond Northern Epistemologies (London & New York, Verso; 2007).
                    273. Santos, Boaventura de Sousa ‘Beyond abyssal thinking: From global lines to ecologies of knowledges’ (2007) XXX(1) Review 1–66.
                    274. Santos, Boaventura de Sousa ‘Public sphere and epistemologies of the south’ (2007) XXXVII Africa Development at 43–67.
                    275. Santos, Boaventura de Sousa ‘Human rights: A fragile hegemony’ in Crepeau, Francois & Sheppard, Colleen (eds.) Human Rights and Diverse Societies: Challenges and Possibilities (Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing; 2013) 17–26.
                    276. Santos Boaventura de Sousa Epistemologies of the South: Justice Against Epistemicide (London, Paradigm Publishers; 2014).
                    277. Santos, Boaventura de Sousa ‘The Resilience of Abyssal Exclusions in Our Societies: Toward a Post-Abyssal Law’ (Montesquieu Lecture) (2017) 22 Tilburg Law Review 237–258.
                    278. Santos, Boaventura de Sousa ‘The Resilience of Abyssal Exclusion in our Society: Towards a Post-Abyssal Law’ (2017) 22 Tilburg Law Review 237–258. https://doi.org/10.1163/22112596-02201011
                    279. Schwab, Klaus & Davis, Nicholas Shaping the Future of the Fourth Industrial Revolution: A guide to Building a Better World (London, Penguin; 2018).
                    280. Sihlongonyane, Mfaniseni ‘The Challenges of Theorising about the Global South: A View from an African Perspective’ (2015) 45(2) Africa Insight 59-74.
                    281. Simone, AbdouMaliq ‘People as infrastructure: Intersecting fragments in Johannesburg’ (2004) 16(3) Public Culture 407–429. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-16-3-407
                    282. Smith, David M. (ed.) The Apartheid City and Beyond: Urbanisation and Social Change in South Africa (Johannesburg, Wits University Press; 2005).
                    283. Smith Linda T. Decolonising Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples 2 ed (London & New York, Zed Books; 2012).
                    284. Soni, Dhiru V. ‘The apartheid state and black housing struggles’ in Smith, David M. (ed.) The Apartheid City and Beyond: Urbanisation and Social Change in South Africa (London & New York, Routledge; 2005) 40–53.
                    285. Spitz, Richard & Chaskalson, Matthew The Politics of Transition: A Hidden History of South Africa’s Negotiated Settlement (Oxford, Hart Publishing; 2000).
                    286. Steytler, Nico & De Visser, Jaap Local Government Law of South Africa (Durban, LexisNexis/Butterworths; 2007).
                    287. Swanson, Maynard W. ‘The Asiatic menace: Creating segregation in Durban, 1870-1900’ (1983) 16(3) The International Journal of African Historical Studies 401-421. https://doi.org/10.2307/218743
                    288. Tasan-Kok, Tuna & Baeten, Guy (eds.) Contradictions of Neoliberal Planning: Cities, Policies, and Politics (New York, Springer; 2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8924-3
                    289. Thawaba, Salem A. ‘Jerusalem city: Transforming and segregating urban fabric’ (2011) 10 African and Asian Studies 121–142. https://doi.org/10.1163/156921011X586997
                    290. Themba, Can ‘Requiem for Sophiatown’ Africa South (London, Penguin Books; 2006).
                    291. Thompson, Leonard A History of South Africa 4 ed (Cambridge, Yale University Press; 2014).
                    292. Tissington, Kate & Wilson, Stuart ‘SCA upholds rights of urban poor in Blue Moonlight judgment’ (2011) 12 ESR Review: Economic and Social Rights in South Africa 3-6.
                    293. Tlostanova, Madina V. & Mignolo, Walter D. Learning to Unlearn: Decolonial Reflections from Eurasia and the Americas (Athens, Ohio University Press; 2012).
                    294. Todes, Alison ‘Urban growth and strategic spatial planning in Johannesburg, South Africa’ (2012) 29 Cities 158–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2011.08.004
                    295. Todes, Alison, Karam Aly, Klug Neil & Malaza Nqobile ‘Beyond master planning? New approaches to spatial planning in Ekurhuleni, South Africa’ (2010) 34 Habitat International 414–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2009.11.012
                    296. Tomlinson, Richard, Beauregard Robert A., Bremner Lindsay & Mangcu Xolela (eds.) Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City (New York, Routledge; 2003).
                    297. Valentine, Gill & Harris, Catherine ‘Encounters and (in)tolerance: Perceptions of legality and the regulation of space’ (2016) 17(7) Social and Cultural Geography 913–932. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2016.1139171
                    298. Van der Walt, Andre J. Property and Constitution (Pretoria, Pretoria University Law Press; 2012).
                    299. Van der Walt, Johan Law and Sacrifice: Towards A Post-Apartheid Theory of Law (Johannesburg, Wits University Press; 2005).
                    300. Van der Walt, Johan ‘Legal history, legal culture and transformation in a constitutional democracy’ (2006) 12(1) Fundamina 1–47.
                    301. Van Huyssteen, Elsona, Oranje, Mark, Robinson, Sheila & Makoni, Eric ‘South Africa’s city regions: A call for contemplation ... and action.’ (2009) 20 Urban Forum 175-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-009-9058-9
                    302. Van Marle, Karin ‘The spectacle of post-apartheid constitutionalism’ (2007) 16(2) Griffith Law Review 411–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2007.10854597
                    303. Van Marle, Karin & De Villiers, Isolde ‘Law and resistance in the city of Pretoria: Space, history and the everyday’ (2013) 38(1) Australian Feminist Law Journal 129–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/13200968.2013.10854487
                    304. Van Rensburg, Pieter, Cattanach James & Wall, Kevin ‘The formulation of land development objectives’ (1998) 9(1) Urban Forum 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03033133
                    305. Van Wyk, Jeannie Planning Law: Principles and Procedures of Land-Use Management (Cape Town, Juta Law; 2008).
                    306. Van Wyk, Jeannie Planning Law (2 ed) (Cape Town, Juta Law; 2012).
                    307. Van Wyk, Jeannie ‘Planning in all its (dis)guises: Spheres of government, functional areas and authority’ (2012) 15(5) PER / PELJ 290–638. https://doi.org/10.4314/pelj.v15i5.7
                    308. Van Wyk, Jeannie ‘Can SPLUMA play a role in transforming spatial injustice to spatial justice in housing in South Africa?’ (2015) 30(1) Southern African Public Law 26–41. https://doi.org/10.25159/2522-6800/3526
                    309. Van Wyk, Jeannie & Oranje, Mark ‘The post-1994 South African Spatial Planning System and Bill of Rights: A meaningful and mutually beneficial fit?’ (2014) 13(4) Planning Theory 349–369. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095213511966
                    310. Vigar, Geoff ‘Towards an integrated spatial planning?’ (2009) 17(11) European Planning Studies 1571–1590. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310903226499
                    311. Visser, Gustav ‘Social justice, integrated development planning and post-apartheid urban reconstruction’ (2000) 38(10) Urban Studies 1673–1699. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980120084813
                    312. Von Schnitzler, Antina Democracy’s Infrastructure: Techno-Politics and Protest After Apartheid (Princeton, Princeton University Press; 2016). https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691170770.001.0001
                    313. Wa Thiong’o, Ngugi Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature (London, Heinemann Educational; 1986).
                    314. Wa Thiong’o, Ngugi Globalectics: Theory and the Politics of Knowing (New York, Columbia University Press; 2012).
                    315. Wacquant, Loic Urban Outcasts: A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality (Cambridge, Polity Press; 2007).
                    316. Waldron, Jeremy ‘Homelessness and the issue of freedom’ (1991) 39 UCLA Law Review 295–324.
                    317. Wallerstein, Immanuel Unthinking Social Science: The Limits of Nineteenth-Century Paradigms (Cambridge, Polity Press; 2001).
                    318. Watson, Vanessa ‘The case for a southern perspective in planning theory’ (2014) 3(1) International Journal of E-Planning Research 23–37. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijepr.2014010103
                    319. Watson, Vanessa ‘Seeing from the South: Refocusing urban planning on the globe’s central urban issues’ (2009) 46(11) Urban Studies 2259–2275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009342598
                    320. Williams, Rowan The Tragic Imagination: The Literary Agenda (Oxford, Oxford University Press; 2016).
                    321. Wilson, Stuart ‘Breaking the tie: Evictions from private land, homelessness and a new normality’ (2009) 126 The South African Law Journal 270–290.
                    322. Worden, Nigel, Van Heyningen, Elizabeth & Bickford-Smith, Vivian (1998) Cape Town: The Making of a City (Hilversum, Verloren Publishers; 1998).
                    323. Wynter, Sylvia ‘Unsettling the coloniality of being/power/truth/freedom: Towards the human, after man, its overrepresentation, an argument’ (2003) 3(3) CR: The New Centennial Review 75–337. https://doi.org/10.1353/ncr.2004.0015
                    324. Xulu-Gama, Nomkhosi Hostels in South Africa: Spaces of Perplexity (Pietermaritzburg, University of KwaZulu-Natal Press; 2018).
                    325. Yiftachel, Oren ‘The dark side of modernism: Planning as control of control of an ethnic minority’ in Watson, Sophie & Gibson, Katherine (eds.) Postmodern Cities and Spaces (Oxford, Blackwell; 1994) 216–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-9006(95)90158-2
                    326. Yiftachel, Oren ‘Planning as control: Policy and resistance in a deeply divided society’ (1995) 4(2) Progress in Planning 115–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/088541229801200401
                    327. Yiftachel, Oren ‘Planning and social control: Exploring the dark side’ (1998) 1(4) Journal of Planning Literature 395–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00255
                    328. Yiftachel, Oren ‘social control, urban planning and the ethno-class relations: Mizrahi Jews in Israel’s “development towns”’ (2000) 20(2) International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 418–38.
                    329. Yountae, An The Decolonial Abyss: Mysticism and Cosmopolitics from the Ruins (New York, Fordham University Press; 2017). https://doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823273072.001.0001
                    330. Table of Cases
                    331. City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality v Blue Moonlight Properties 2012 (2) SA 104 (CC).
                    332. Dadoo v Krugersdorp Municipality 1920 AD.
                    333. Diepsloot Residents’ and Landowners’ Association v Administrator, Transvaal. Decision of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court 1994 (3) SA 336 (AD).
                    334. Government of the Republic of South Africa v Grootboom 2001(1) SA 46 (CC).
                    335. Hleka v Johannesburg City Council 1949 (1) SA 842 (A).
                    336. In re Dube, 1979. Natal Division of the Supreme Court 1979 (3) SA 820 (N).
                    337. Minister of Public Works v Kyalami Ridge Environmental Association 2001 (3) SA 1151 (CC).
                    338. Modder East Squatters v Modderklip Boerdery; President of the RSA v Modderklip Boerdery 2004 (8) BCLR 821 (SCA).
                    339. Occupiers of 51 Olivia Road, Berea Township v City of Johannesburg 2008 (3) SA 208 (CC).
                    340. Port Elizabeth Municipality v. Various Occupiers 2005 (1) SA 217 (CC).
                    341. President of the Republic of South Africa v. Modderklip Boerdery 2005 (5) SA 3 (CC).
                    342. Pretoria City Council v. Walker 1998 (2) SA 363 (CC)
                    343. S v. Govender, 1982. Decision of the Transvaal Supreme Court 1986 (3) SA 969 (T).
                    344. South African Informal Traders Forum v City of Johannesburg 2014 (4) SA 371 (CC).
                    345. Table of Statutes
                    346. Bantu Education Act 47 of 1953.
                    347. Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act 26 of 1970.
                    348. Black Administration Act 38 of 1927.
                    349. Black Communities Development Act 4 of 1984.
                    350. Cape Town Land Use Planning Ordinance 15 of 1985.
                    351. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996.
                    352. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 200 of 1993.
                    353. Conversion of Certain Rights into Leasehold or Ownership Act 81 of 1988.
                    354. Development Facilitation Act 67 of 1995.
                    355. Division of Revenue Act 3 of 2016.
                    356. Group Areas Act 36 of 1966.
                    357. Group Areas Act 41 of 1950.
                    358. Housing Act 107 of 1997.
                    359. Less Formal Townships Establishment Act 113 of 1991.
                    360. Local Government Transition Act 209 of 1993.
                    361. Mines and Works Act 12 of 1911.
                    362. Municipal Structures Act 117 of 1998.
                    363. Municipal Systems Act 32 of 2000.
                    364. Natal Town Planning Ordinance 27 of 1949.
                    365. National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act 103 of 1977.
                    366. Native (Urban Areas) Act 21 of 1923.
                    367. Native Administration Act 38 of 1927.
                    368. Native Labour Regulation Act 15 of 1911.
                    369. Natives Land Act 27 of 1913.
                    370. Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act 67 of 1952.
                    371. Natives (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act 25 of 1945.
                    372. Natives Laws Amendment Act 46 of 1937.
                    373. Natives Laws Amendment Act 54 of 1952.
                    374. Natives Resettlement Act 19 of 1954.
                    375. Orange Free State Townships Ordinance 9 of 1969.
                    376. Population Registration Act 30 of 1950.
                    377. Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act 19 of 1998.
                    378. Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act 52 of 1951.
                    379. Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 55 of 1949.
                    380. Public Health Act 36 of 1919.
                    381. Public Housing Act 35 of 1920.
                    382. Reservation of Separate Amenities Act 49 of 1953.
                    383. Slums Act of 1934.
                    384. Spatial Planning and Land-Use Management Act 16 of 2013.
                    385. Transvaal Town Planning and Townships Ordinance 15 of 1986.
                    386. Upgrading of Land Tenure Rights Act 112 of 1991.
                    387. White Paper on Reconstruction and Development No. 23 of 1994.
                    388. Other Sources
                    389. City of Johannesburg Corridors of Freedom: Restitching our City to Create a New Future (2013).
                    390. City of Johannesburg iGoli 2002 (2002).
                    391. City of Johannesburg iGoli 2010 (2010).
                    392. City of Johannesburg Informal Trading Policy for the City of Johannesburg (2009).
                    393. City of Johannesburg Inner City Regeneration Charter (2007).
                    394. City of Johannesburg Inner City Transformation Roadmap (2013).
                    395. City of Johannesburg Integrated Development Plan 2003/2004 (2003).
                    396. City of Johannesburg Integrated Development Plan 2016/2021) (2016).
                    397. City of Johannesburg Joburg Growth and Development Strategy 2040 (2011).
                    398. City of Johannesburg Reflecting on a Solid Foundation: Building Developmental Local Government 2000–2005 (2006).
                    399. City of Johannesburg Security Access Restriction Policy (2014).
                    400. Department of National Treasury City of Johannesburg Built Environment Performance Plan 2016/17 (2016).
                    401. National Department of Human Settlements Comprehensive Housing Plan for the Development of Integrated Sustainable Human Settlements (2004).
                    402. National Department of Human Settlements National Housing Code (2009).
                    403. Policy Coordination & Advisory Services (PCAS) Harmonising and Aligning: The National Spatial Development Perspective, Provincial Growth and Development Strategies and Municipal Integrated Development Plans (2004).
                    404. Presidency National Development Plan: Vision 2030 Our Future - Make it Work (2014).
                    405. Presidency Twenty Year Review: South Africa 1994-2014 - Background Paper: Sustainable Human Settlements (2015).
                    406. South African Cities Network (SACN) The Space Economy: An Important Consideration in Spatial Development Planning (2013).
                    407. South African Cities Network (SACN) The Spatial Transformation of South Africa’s Cities: From Abstract Concept to Meaning and Means (2016).
                    408. South African Human Rights Commission Report on the Issue of Road Closures, Security Booms and Related Matters (2005).
                    409. Map and Photograph Credits
                    410. Map 1, Stickler, Philip J. ‘The location of Black residents in formerly whites-only neighbourhoods of Johannesburg, 1996’. The Geography of Desegregation in Johannesburg. Available: https://www.gcro.ac.za/outputs/map-of-the-month/detail/geography-desegregation-johannesburg/
                    411. Image 1, Photographer unknown. Forced removals in Sophiatown. Credits: William Cullen Library: Historical Papers Research Archive.

                    UK registered social enterprise and Community Interest Company (CIC).

                    Company registration 14549556

                    Metadata

                    • By book
                    • By publisher
                    • GraphQL API
                    • Export API

                    Resources

                    • Downloads
                    • Videos
                    • Merch
                    • Presentations
                    • Service status

                    Contact

                    • Email
                    • Bluesky
                    • Mastodon
                    • Github

                    Copyright © 2026 Thoth Open Metadata. Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.