Digital inequality in a developing context: A multifaceted approach

Attlee M Gamundani is a distinguished scholar and technologist renowned for his expertise in artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT) and cybersecurity. Gamundani currently serves as an associate professor of Cybersecurity and leads the artificial intelligence of things (AIoT) and information and communication technology for development (ICT4D) Research Cluster. His career includes a significant tenure as an Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) Fellow at the United Nations University Institute in Macau, where his research focused on AI governance and ethics in the health and education sectors, contributing vital insights to the global discourse on AI. Gamundani is also known for his active involvement in community outreach and capacity-building initiatives. As a co-founder of the Namibia National Cyber Security Competition (NNCSC), which he has been organising since 2015, he aims to bolster cybersecurity skills among young professionals. In recognition of his exceptional teaching, compelling presentations and groundbreaking research, Gamundani has received numerous accolades, including elevation to the status of senior member of the IEEE (SMIEEE). As an educator, researcher and community leader, Gamundani continues to make significant contributions to the fields of cybersecurity and AI, shaping the next generation of technologists and policymakers.

Bulelwa Mkabile-Masebe is a senior lecturer and a former dean of the Faculty of Education at Walter Sisulu University, South Africa. Previously, as a manager in the Directorate of Learning and Teaching, Mkabile-Masebe was responsible for academic staff development and providing academic support for students and lecturers in Learning and Teaching with Technology. She is a recipient of a Vice-Chancellor’s Excellence Award (2021) because of her contribution to promoting digital learning and the use of educational technologies. Her research interests in curriculum studies, curriculum transformation, curriculum design and development and e-learning have enabled her to present research papers at national and international conferences and symposiums. She has also supervised several Honours and postgraduate students. As an emerging researcher and scholar, she has a specific interest in issues of social justice and equity in higher education. Furthermore, Mkabile-Masebe is a member of the Higher Education Learning and Teaching Association of Southern Africa (HELTASA), the Higher Education Research and Development Society of Australasia (HERDSA) and the Foundation for Ontological Leadership Education (FOLE). Her contribution to this chapter attempts to address the digital literacy gap experienced by first-year students upon entering university. In engaging with curriculum transformation discourses, academics work alongside students to navigate the higher education curriculum. Student preparedness and epistemological access depend on the context students bring with them and the extent to which higher education is prepared to meet their needs.

Courage Matobobo holds a PhD from the University of South Africa. Matobobo is a lecturer in the Department of Business and Application Development at Walter Sisulu University, where he teaches information and communication technology (ICT) modules. He has over 13 years of experience in lecturing, having taught at various institutions before joining Walter Sisulu University. He has presented his research at local and international conferences and supervises postgraduate students in the field of ICT. Matobobo’s research has been published in book chapters and accredited journals, and his interests span social media, ICT4D, data mining, system dynamics and information systems. He is a member of the Institute of Information Technology Professionals South Africa (IITPSA) and the UK Academy for Information Systems (UKAIS).

David T Risinamhodzi is a PhD candidate at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Risinamhodzi currently serves as a lecturer in the Department of Networking and Support at Walter Sisulu University, South Africa, where he teaches a range of ICT modules. With over nine years of academic experience, Risinamhodzi has developed a strong background in teaching and research. Before joining Walter Sisulu University, he lectured at North-West University, where he earned his Master’s of Science (MSc) in Computer Science. Risinamodzi has shared his research expertise through various academic platforms, including conference proceedings, journal articles and book chapters. In addition to being an active researcher, he also serves as a reviewer for several academic journals and conferences, contributing to the quality and development of scholarly work in his field. His research interests focus on information and communication technology for development (ICT4D), cybersecurity, digital equality and inclusion, and machine learning, where he explores how technological advancements can foster equitable access and security in the digital age. Beyond academia, Risinamodzi is deeply committed to community development, focusing on initiatives that promote sustainability and digital inclusion, particularly in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). His experience in ICT skills transfer and community visioning has enabled him to engage with local communities, ensuring that technological advancements benefit even the most underserved populations.

Gardner Mwansa is a senior lecturer at Walter Sisulu University in South Africa, specialising in agile methodologies, cloud computing, IoT, cybersecurity and educational technology. Mwansa’s pioneering research focuses on integrating agile development with cloud environments to enhance adoption and utilisation in South Africa. His ongoing projects concentrate on IoT and investigate secure and efficient IoT deployment in resource-constrained environments. His cybersecurity research aims to develop robust frameworks that protect sensitive data in cloud infrastructures and IoT networks, addressing the unique challenges of digital security in developing regions. In educational technology, Mwansa has explored the impact of tools such as GeoGebra on improving students’mathematical skills and the effectiveness of zero-rated websites in promoting e-learning. His work on the influence of social media on mental health and cyberbullying underscores his commitment to leveraging technology to tackle pressing social issues. Mwansa is also an editorial board member at the Postal and Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Zimbabwe (POTRAZ).

Godwin P Dzvapatsva holds a PhD from the University of Cape Town (South Africa) and is a fellow of the Higher Education Academy (UK). Dzvapatsva is a lecturer and researcher at the University of Suffolk in the United Kingdom. Prior to joining the University of Suffolk, he taught in the Department of Information and Communication Technology at Walter Sisulu University. While working at one of the rural campuses of Walter Sisulu University in the Eastern Cape province, he recognised the need for research focused on digital services and inequality in service provision, particularly in education.

Dzvapatsva’s key research areas include sustainability, informatics and physical computing. He has worked extensively in the technical vocational sector and ICT coding boot camps and has authored three textbooks that are currently in use within the TVET sector in South Africa. Over the years, he has gained substantial experience in curriculum development and creating equitable learning environments. Additionally, he has undertaken several BPO projects in the Western Cape province.

Hlanganani S Sibanda is an accomplished academic specialising in development finance, focusing on strategies that address real-life obstacles faced by marginalised populations in developing countries. With eight years of teaching experience, Sibanda has taught modules in Economics and Econometrics. Sibanda is dedicated to fostering a supportive and technology-infused learning environment, encouraging students to engage critically with their studies and develop a lifelong passion for learning. She holds an Master’s of Commerce (MCom) degree in Economics from the University of Fort Hare and is currently pursuing a PhD in Development Finance at Stellenbosch University. Her teaching background and qualifications provide her with a comprehensive understanding of development issues, their societal impacts and strategies to mitigate these negative effects through digital inclusion. Sibanda’s research interests include development economics, microfinance and the use of technology in teaching. She has published articles in peer-reviewed journals, contributing to the academic discourse and practical implications of teaching with technology as well as in economics.

Isaac O Ajao is a distinguished scholar and senior lecturer at the Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. With a PhD in Statistics from the University of Ibadan, Ajao’s academic journey is marked by a commitment to demystifying statistical theories and making data-driven insights accessible. His scholarly contributions include numerous publications in esteemed journals, such as the Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation and the International Journal of Statistics and Probability. His research spans diverse areas, including statistical modelling, data analysis and the application of machine learning in solving real-world problems. Ajao’s dedication to education is evident in his extensive teaching experience, where he has taught a wide range of courses, including Statistical Packages, Data Management and Business Statistics. He has also supervised numerous undergraduate and postgraduate students. Beyond his academic achievements, Ajao is deeply committed to community engagement and charitable activities. He has served as a resource person for various training workshops on statistical data analysis, benefiting both researchers and students. Ajao’s vision is to empower individuals and organisations through data education, fostering a culture of transparency and accountability. His leadership, scholarly contributions and commitment to community service make him a valuable asset to both the academic and broader community.

Jose Lukose received his PhD degree from the University of Fort Hare, South Africa. Lukose is currently a senior lecturer and the head of the Department of Business and Application Development at Walter Sisulu University, South Africa. He has more than 25 years of experience in the higher education sector, occupying various positions such as Head of Department, Director of School, etc. His research interests include ICT in education and ICT for sustainable development. He has significantly contributed to the field of ICT through publications of peer-reviewed journal articles in reputed, accredited journals and presentations of scientific findings through local and international conferences. Service to the university and the broader community has been the core tenets of his professional identity. He has secured funding for various community outreach projects and coordinated their successful implementation, making significant contributions to the community. He is a professional member of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and the Institute of Information Technology Professionals South Africa (IITPSA).

Memory Ranga is a senior lecturer in the Department of Business and Application Development at Walter Sisulu University, South Africa. Rangaholds a PhD in Information and Technology, specialising in IT governance. Her research focuses on IT governance and ICT for development. She is a member of the ICT for Sustainable Development Research Niche Area at Walter Sisulu University. Ranga is a certified information systems auditor, a certified change management practitioner and TOGAF (The Open Group Architecture Framework) certified. She serves as the internal editor for this book. Leveraging her proven expertise and hands-on experience in executing security governance, conducting risk assessments, ensuring compliance, performing security audits, assessing the effectiveness of controls, managing ISMS, ensuring data privacy, responding to incidents and overseeing cyber operations, Ranga successfully provides consultation for large enterprise security projects within various government departments in South Africa. In her efforts to raise awareness of cybersecurity and ICT governance, Ranga has dedicated time to sharing her experience and knowledge with the government sector and academic institutions.

Misheck Musaigwa is a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Specialising in digital transformation, Musaigwa is at the forefront of research that explores the intersections of technology, management and industry innovation. His work particularly focuses on the implications and applications of Industry 4.0. In addition to his research, Musaigwa is deeply committed to academic responsibilities, including teaching and mentoring postgraduate students. This role enables him to share his extensive expertise and cultivate the research skills of the next generation of scholars, significantly enhancing their academic and professional trajectories. Musaigwa holds a PhD in Management from the University of KwaZulu-Natal, where he developed a profound understanding of digital transformation processes within industries.

Nobert R Jere is a Pan-Africanist who holds a PhD in Computer Science from the University of Fort Hare, South Africa, where he serves as an associate professor. Jere is the chief editor of this book and initiated the project while at Walter Sisulu University. He has engaged and gathered a team of researchers interested in digital transformation within the African continent to contribute different chapters to this book. He is committed to implementing digital solutions that can enable African society to flourish, firmly believing that Africa is able and capable. His research centres on sustainable emerging technologies, including machine learning, information and communication technologies (ICTs), digital transformation, open data and human-computer interaction (HCI). At various stages, he served as the chair of the ICT for Sustainable Development Research Niche Area at Walter Sisulu University. He has published numerous articles in accredited journals and peer-reviewed conference proceedings, supervising over 20 postgraduate students at the PhD and MA levels. At the time of writing this book, he is a South African National Research Foundation (NRF) Y2-rated researcher. In terms of professional qualifications, Jere is a certified ISO 27001:2013 Internal Auditor, an ISO 20000-1:2018 Lead Auditor, and is TOGAF certified. He collaborates with communities, industry and researchers on various digital projects aimed at empowering and capacitating citizens. Jere has organised and chaired international and regional conferences that attract multidisciplinary researchers in the fields of ICT and HCI. He is also a peer reviewer for accredited conferences and journals and has developed a computing curriculum that is African-centric and responsive to current regional challenges.

Nomputumo L Ngesimani holds an MA degree in Information Technology from CPUT and a Postgraduate Diploma (PgDip) in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) from the University of the Western Cape(UWC), South Africa, specialising in software development. At the time of writing this book, Ngesimani was a PhD candidate at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology in South Africa. Additionally, she is a lecturer in the Department of Business and Application Development at Walter Sisulu University, South Africa. Before joining WSU, she taught at Rosebank College in the Department of ICT in Cape Town. Alongside her university experience, she worked as an analyst programmer at Old Mutual in Cape Town for several years. Ngesimani is also a member of the curriculum development committee at Walter Sisulu University. Her key research areas include digital technology, informatics, information systems, ICT in education and ICT4D.

Nosipho C Mavuso is an academic at Walter Sisulu University, South Africa, in Business and Application Development. Mavuso currently holds an academic position in the Department of Business and Application Development. She was at the time of this book’s writing pursuing her PhD in Information Technology at Nelson Mandela University, with a focus on developing an artificial intelligence-based career choice framework for undergraduate students. Mavuso’s expertise in ICT has enabled her to contribute significantly to research in big data analytics, technology-driven knowledge creation, education recommender systems and ICTs for community development. Her research has been published in accredited journals and presented at both local and international conferences. Mavuso is dedicated to applying her research findings in practical contexts and collaborating with various stakeholders, organisations and communities. Her research projects consistently demonstrate her commitment to academic excellence and innovation. In addition to her research endeavours, Mavuso is actively engaged in teaching and mentoring, particularly in the domains of HCI and general ICT career development. She extends her educational efforts by organising workshops and webinars addressing social challenges faced by young women in society, especially in the ICT field. Mavuso is motivated by a desire to empower those around her, create opportunities for emerging female researchers and expand the boundaries of the ICT field. Her primary objective is to bridge theoretical knowledge with practical applications, influencing both academic discourse and societal outcomes.

Ntsika Dyantyi is a PhD candidate and lecturer in the Faculty of Education at Walter Sisulu University, South Africa. Dyantyi’s expertise lies in educational management and leadership, decolonisation and educational technology, particularly in higher education and secondary school settings. He actively engages in international research conferences and holds memberships in key university committees, including the Faculty Board, Faculty Learning and Teaching Committee, Curriculum Transformation Committee, and Research and Higher Degrees Committee. Additionally, Dyantyi is a member of the Higher Education Learning and Teaching Association of Southern Africa (HELTASA) and the Entrepreneurship Development in Higher Education (EDHE) community of practice, where he contributes to initiatives promoting entrepreneurship development in higher education.

Obert Matarirano is a senior lecturer at Walter Sisulu University, South Africa, in the Department of Business Management and Economics. Matariranohas been facilitating student learning at the university for over 16 years, bringing a wealth of experience and passion for higher education. With a Doctor of Commerce (DCom) in Business Management and a NRF rating, Matarirano is recognised for his contributions to academia and research. Since 2018, Matarirano has been actively engaged in technology-related research, with a particular focus on technology adoption in higher education. His work critically examines how students and academic staff integrate digital tools into their academic practices, exploring both the opportunities and challenges presented by the rapid evolution of educational technologies. His research seeks to deepen understanding of the technological impacts on learning and teaching in higher education institutions, providing valuable insights that inform strategies to improve educational outcomes. In addition to his research on technology, Matarirano is committed to enhancing the academic experience for his students, using innovative teaching methods and promoting the use of digital tools to foster active learning. His work aims to bridge the gap between traditional educational models and the future of technology-driven teaching and learning environments. Through his research and teaching, Matarirano continues to contribute to the development of higher education in South Africa, inspiring both students and fellow academics to embrace the transformative potential of technology.

Obrain T Murire is a senior lecturer in the Department of Networking and Information Technology Support at Walter Sisulu University, South Africa, and a distinguished academic leader. Murire holds an honours degree, an MA degree and a PhD in Information Systems, as well as a postgraduate diploma (PGDip) in Higher Education, all from Fort Hare University. His research expertise spans several critical areas, including the 4IR, information security, emerging technologies in higher education and youth employability. Murire has made significant contributions to both local and international academic discourse through numerous journal publications, peer-reviewed conference proceedings and book chapters. His research is notable for its practical relevance, particularly in leveraging emerging technologies to improve educational outcomes and job prospects for young people. His work on the 4IR reflects his commitment to exploring how digital advancements are reshaping industries and employment landscapes, especially in developing countries.

Beyond his research, Murire plays a key role in academic mentorship, supervising both master’s and honours students and collaborating with colleagues on various research projects. His leadership as the research chairperson of his department has been instrumental in advancing the department’s research agenda and fostering an environment of scholarly collaboration and innovation. Outside the university, he is actively involved in community initiatives, contributing to research-driven solutions that address local challenges. His community work has led to several journal publications, further solidifying his reputation as a scholar dedicated to bridging the gap between academia and real-world applications.

Olukayode Oki received an MSc and PhD in Computer Science from the University of Zululand, South Africa, in 2014 and 2019, respectively. Oki is a senior lecturer in the Department of Networking and IT Support at Walter Sisulu University, South Africa. He has authored more than 50 articles in local and international journals, as well as peer-reviewed conference proceedings and book chapters. His research interests include biologically inspired computation, information and communication technology for development (ICT4D), communication networks, the IoT, machine learning, data analytics and climate-smart agriculture. He has received several grants for research and development, as well as for attending conferences both locally and internationally. He is a South African NRF-rated researcher and a recipient of the 2022 Vice-Chancellor’s Distinguished Research Award. Additionally, he is an Honorary Rosalind Member of the London Journal Press. He served as one of the TPC chairs for Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AFRICON 2023 and has reviewed for many journals and conferences. He is also an editorial board member for the ParadigmPlus journal. Oki is a Microsoft Certified Professional, a Cisco Certified Network Associate and a member of the IEEE Region Eight Subsection.

Olutoyin Olaitan is an academic and senior lecturer at Walter Sisulu University in East London, South Africa. Olaitan holds a DPhil in Information Systems from the University of Fort Hare, complemented by an MBA from the University of Technology in Akure, Nigeria and a PGDip in Higher Education from the University of the Witwatersrand. Olaitan’s pedagogical vision emphasises nurturing students’ problem-solving abilities and fostering creative thinking. Her research interests include the 4IR, emerging technologies, data governance and addressing the challenges of graduate attributes and student employability in developing economies. Olaitan has published numerous journal articles and conference papers, contributing significantly to the academic community. In addition to her academic pursuits, Olaitan is actively involved in community engagement projects, such as the Cybersafety Awareness campaign for high school learners. Olaitan also serves as the Chairperson of the Board for Guardians of Hope, a haven for abandoned and needy children and infants placed for adoption in East London, South Africa. She mentors postgraduate students and collaborates with colleagues on various research initiatives. Olaitan’s dedication to academic excellence and community service has earned her several awards, including the Vice-Chancellor’s Recognition Award for Technology Integration in Teaching and Learning. Her leadership roles and strategic contributions to departmental plans further underscore her commitment to advancing education and research in South Africa.

Pardon B Maoneke holds a PhD in Information Systems and an MCom in Information Systems. In addition, Maoneke is a Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA) and obtained a certificate in Ethical Hacking in 2018. Currently, he is a lecturer in ICTs at a higher education institution. Maoneke has more than eight years of experience in higher education, where he facilitates courses on computer security, programming and the IoT. His research interests centre on cybersecurity, particularly behavioural information security and information security management. Maoneke is interested in adopting behavioural science techniques to enhance end-user privacy. Additionally, he has interests in machine learning, artificial intelligence, big data and analytics, especially as they relate to cybersecurity. Furthermore, Maoneke focuses on the adoption and use of ICTs, examining the factors that inform the intent to adopt and utilise technology. In this regard, Maoneke has participated in projects that explored technology use in education and the public sector, including electronic governance. He conducts his research using qualitative methods and/or a design science research approach. With this research experience, he has written peer-reviewed papers presented at various internationally recognised conferences, as well as publications for journals and book chapters.

Prince DN Ncube is a dedicated PhD candidate at the University of Fort Hare, South Africa, at the time of this book’s writing. Ncube’s research focuses on optimising the operations and maintenance of solar photovoltaic systems, a crucial area in the context of the United Nations’ sustainability goals. His work aims to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of renewable energy technologies, addressing global energy challenges. In addition to his research, Ncube serves as a lecturer in the Department of Networking and Information Technology Support at Walter Sisulu University, where he actively shapes the next generation of technology professionals. He is a firm believer in constructivist learning theory, and his teaching approach equips students with adaptable, innovative skills, preparing them for the ever-evolving technological landscape. His commitment to developing graduates who are ready to tackle today’s challenges and lead in a rapidly advancing world is unwavering.

Before joining Walter Sisulu University, Ncube was a time-on-task lecturer in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Fort Hare. His extensive teaching experience across both institutions has enabled him to champion a forward-thinking, practical approach to education, emphasising innovation and real-world application. His academic work is deeply interconnected with his research, as his teaching fuels his inquiry into cutting-edge technologies and their practical impact. Ncube’s research interests span multiple critical fields, including renewable energy, machine learning, cybersecurity ICT4D and the transformative potential of the metaverse. His interdisciplinary approach reflects his commitment to leveraging technology for sustainable development and societal advancement, particularly within the African context. Outside of academia, Ncube is an internationally qualified volleyball coach. His involvement in sports provides a dynamic balance to his academic career, fostering teamwork, strategy and leadership both on and off the court. His diverse roles as a scholar, educator and coach underscore his dedication to fostering innovation, personal growth and community development, positively impacting both academia and beyond.

Ricky M Ngandu is a lecturer currently based at Walter Sisulu University in South Africa. Ngandu holds a Master of Philosophy (MPhil) degree in ICT from the University of Cape Town, where his academic journey laid the foundation for his specialisation in key areas of the rapidly evolving digital landscape. Ngandu’s research focuses primarily on cybersecurity, artificial intelligence (AI) and ICT4D, exploring how technological advancements can be leveraged to address societal challenges, particularly in developing regions. He has extensive experience teaching various undergraduate and graduate ICT modules and is passionate about bridging the gap between academia and industry. His efforts in preparing upcoming ICT professionals for the demands of the workplace are greatly appreciated. Beyond Ngandu’s teaching responsibilities, he actively contributes to the academic community. He has published his research in several recognised international journals and presented his work at conferences related to his research niche, further establishing his reputation as a thought leader in his field. In recognition of Ngandu’s expertise, he is a professional member of the Institute of Information Technology Professionals South Africa (IITPSA), an organisation dedicated to upholding professional standards in the IT industry. This designation is SAQA-registered and IFIP IP3-accredited, reflecting his commitment to maintaining high levels of competence and integrity in the ICT sector.

Sandra Makwembere is a senior lecturer in the Department of Human Resources Management at Walter Sisulu University, South Africa. Makwembere holds a PhD in Industrial and Economic Sociology as well as PGDips in Education and Disability Studies. Before her academic career, she spent six years working in civil society on social accountability projects across southern Africa which enhanced her expertise in public resource management and social justice. Her research focus areas include disability inclusion, technological change and public policy. Her current research emphasises the integration of ICT in higher education, particularly for marginalised communities, and she has published on the role of digital technologies in fostering inclusive learning environments. Her work aligns with contemporary issues in ICT for development by highlighting key challenges faced by persons with disabilities in accessing education. Makwembere has led different research initiatives, including projects on the inclusion of students with disabilities and the influence of non-formal entrepreneurship education for youth in disadvantaged communities. She is a peer reviewer of national and international academic journals. She also participates in professional associations in the fields of higher education, sociology and human resource management thus contributing to the advancement of knowledge and policy in these areas. In recognition of her scholarly contributions, Makwembere has been awarded the Productive Researcher Award at Walter Sisulu University for two consecutive years. Her research continues to add to the discourse on the intersection of technology, education and social equity, particularly in the Global South.

Sibulele Yawa is a tutor development coordinator in the Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology at Walter Sisulu University, South Africa. Yawa also serves as a part-time lecturer in the Department of Public Relations and Communications at the same university. Previously, Yawa was a writing centre coordinator at Walter Sisulu University and a lecturer at the University of Fort Hare. She is currently pursuing a PhD in English Studies and Contemporary Literature at the University of Fort Hare. In her current role, Yawa is passionate about creating dynamic learning environments that foster academic success and student engagement through innovative methods and strategies designed to meet students’ needs. With a background in academic development and student support, she is committed to developing efficient, inclusive and engaging programmes that address the diverse needs of students. Her research interests include the incorporation of technologies into language and literary spaces, the use of digital tools in academic student support, particularly in tutorship and factors that affect student engagement in various support programmes. Yawa is also a member of the Higher Education Learning and Teaching Association of Southern Africa.

Sithandiwe Twetwa-Dube is a full-time employee at Walter Sisulu University in South Africa. Twetwa-Dube has experience in administration in the Academic Development Programme (ADP) for the Extended Programme at the same institution, specifically in Information and Communication Technology. She holds a MA in Information Systems from the University of Fort Hare, is a qualified Cisco instructor and possesses industry-accredited certifications, including Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA 1 Version 7), Introduction to Networks and IT Essentials I (ITE Version 7), covering PC hardware and software. Additionally, Twetwa-Dube is a professional member of the Institute of Information Technology Professionals South Africa (IITPSA). Her involvement spans research, lecturing, administration, hackathon projects and community engagement initiatives. Furthermore, her research interests include e-government, teaching and learning pedagogies, smart agriculture, the 4IR, computer programming, and IT/ICT in education.

Tanaka L Jere, at the time of this book’s writing, holds a honours degree in Sociology and Political Studies from the University of Namibia and an MA in Sociology from Nelson Mandela University. Jere volunteered for Youth Decide Zimbabwe Organisation as Secretary for Coordination and Recruitment and is passionate about youth empowerment and transformation. He has also worked as a teaching assistant at Nelson Mandela University in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences. Jere co-authored two chapters on the 4IR and Decoloniality in the book, Higher education for public good perspectives in the new academic landscape in South Africa (AOSIS Books, 2022) and also co-authored some chapters in The Palgrave Handbook of Global Social Problems (Palgrave, 2025). Jere is a correspondent who has written about various topics, including the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Africa’s indigenous systems and decoloniality, particularly in the context of African knowledge systems and education. He is also a fellow of the Emerging Leaders in Australia-Africa Diplomacy (ELAAD) programme. Currently, Jere is a contract lecturer at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in the Society and Social Change Cluster and is pursuing a PhD in Sociology at the same institution.

Thandokazi Mfikoyi is currently serving as the Acting Manager of Learning and Teaching with Technology at Walter Sisulu University, South Africa. Mfikoyi has been an integral part of the university’s Directorate of Learning and Teaching, previously working as an instructional designer and as an educational technologist. She is pursuing a PhD in e-Research and Technology Enhanced Learning at Lancaster University. She holds a Master of Education (MEd) in ICT from the University of Johannesburg, a PGDip in Educational Technology from the University of Cape Town and an honours degree in Computer Science from Walter Sisulu University. Her scholarly contributions include a book chapter on student support during COVID-19. As the acting manager of learning and teaching with technology, she coordinates, steers and oversees the integration of technology in learning and teaching, pursuing the goal of a fully-fledged technology-enabled university. Digital access is a key area to consider in maintaining equity among students. One of Mfikoyi’s research interests is the application of AI tools in learning, particularly in light of the robust emergence of AI and its integration into our everyday lives. It is important to raise awareness of these emerging AI tools and their potential benefits for learning and teaching. Continuous improvement in our practices requires evaluating our interventions, with collected data informing the development of improvement plans.

William T Vambe is a senior lecturer in Computer Science within the Department of Mathematical Sciences and Computing at Walter Sisulu University, South Africa. Before this, Vambe worked at the University of Fort Hare, University of Mpumalanga, Tshwane University of Technology, Belgium iTVersity Campus and the Ministry of Education and Harvest International in Zimbabwe. Vambe is an Associate Member of the National Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences (NITheCS), a member of the South African Information and Communication Technology Association, a member of the InSPiR2eS Research Network, an editorial review board member for the International Journal of Fog Computing (IJFC) and a reviewer for several international journals. He has supervised and mentored postgraduate students, published peer-reviewed papers and secured research grants. Additionally, he serves as an external examiner for several universities. Academically, Vambe holds a DPhil in Computer Science from the University of Fort Hare and was a PhD visiting fellow at the Mobile and Cloud Lab, University of Tartu, Estonia. He also holds an MA in Computer Science from the University of Fort Hare and a BSc in Computer Science from Bindura University of Science Education (BUSE). His research interests include fog computing, cloud computing, the IoT, ICT4D, data science for social impact and the 4IR. He believes that technology is useless if it does not simplify people’s lives and address their challenges.