Skip to main content
Open Book Publishers

3. The Historical, Environmental and Socio-Economic Context of Forests and Tree-Based Systems for Food Security and Nutrition

  • John A. Parrotta (author)
  • Jennie Dey de Pryck (author)
  • Beatrice Darko Obiri (author)
  • Christine Padoch (author)
  • Bronwen Powell (author)
  • Chris Sandbrook (author)
  • Bina Agarwal (author)
  • Amy Ickowitz (author)
  • Katy Jeary (author)
  • Anca Serban (author)
  • Terry Sunderland (author)
  • Tran Nam Tu (author)
Chapter of: Forests and Food: Addressing Hunger and Nutrition Across Sustainable Landscapes(pp. 71–134)

Export Metadata

  • ONIX 3.0
    • Thoth
    • Project MUSE
      Cannot generate record: No BIC or BISAC subject code
    • OAPEN
      Cannot generate record: Missing PDF URL
    • JSTOR
      Cannot generate record: No BISAC subject code
    • Google Books
      Cannot generate record: No BIC, BISAC or LCC subject code
    • OverDrive
      Cannot generate record: Missing Long Abstract
  • ONIX 2.1
    • EBSCO Host
      Cannot generate record: No PDF or EPUB URL
    • ProQuest Ebrary
      Cannot generate record: No PDF or EPUB URL
  • CSV
  • JSON
  • OCLC KBART
  • BibTeX
  • CrossRef DOI deposit
    Cannot generate record: This work does not have any ISBNs
  • MARC 21 Record
    Cannot generate record: MARC records are not available for chapters
  • MARC 21 Markup
    Cannot generate record: MARC records are not available for chapters
  • MARC 21 XML
    Cannot generate record: MARC records are not available for chapters
Metadata
Title3. The Historical, Environmental and Socio-Economic Context of Forests and Tree-Based Systems for Food Security and Nutrition
ContributorJohn A. Parrotta (author)
Jennie Dey de Pryck (author)
Beatrice Darko Obiri (author)
Christine Padoch (author)
Bronwen Powell (author)
Chris Sandbrook (author)
Bina Agarwal (author)
Amy Ickowitz (author)
Katy Jeary (author)
Anca Serban (author)
Terry Sunderland (author)
Tran Nam Tu (author)
DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0085.03
Landing pagehttps://www.openbookpublishers.com/books/10.11647/obp.0085/chapters/10.11647/obp.0085.03
Licensehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CopyrightJohn A. Parrotta; Jennie Dey de Pryck; Beatrice Darko Obiri; Christine Padoch; Bronwen Powell; Chris Sandbrook; Bina Agarwal; Amy Ickowitz; Katy Jeary; Anca Serban; Terry Sunderland; Tran Nam Tu
PublisherOpen Book Publishers
Published on2015-11-15
Page rangepp. 71-134
Print length63 pages
References
  1. Adhikari, B., 2005. Poverty, property rights and collective action: Understanding the distributive aspects of common property resource management. Environment and Development Economics 10: 7-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x04001755
  2. Afari-Sefa,V., Gockowski, J., Agyeman, N.F and Dziwornu, A.K., 2010. Economic Cost-benefit Analysis of Certified Sustainable Cocoa Production in Ghana. Poster presented at the Joint 3rd African Association of Agricultural Economists (AAAE) and 48th Agricultural Economists Association of South Africa (AEASA) Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, September 19-23, 2010. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/97085/2/33. Cost benefit of cocoa in Ghana.pdf
  3. Agarwal, B., 1994a. Gender and command over property: A critical gap in economic analysis and policy in South Asia. World Development 22: 1455-1478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(94)90031-0
  4. Agarwal, B., 1994b. A Field of One’s Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  5. Agarwal, B., 1997. “Bargaining” and gender relations: Within and beyond the household. Feminist Economics 3(1): 1-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135457097338799
  6. Agarwal, B., 2010. Gender and Green Governance: The Political Economy of Women’s Presence Within and Beyond Community Forestry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  7. Agnoletti, M. (ed.), 2006. The Conservation of Cultural Landscapes. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
  8. Agrawal, A., Cashore, B., Hardin, R., Shepherd, G., Benson, C. and Miller, D., 2013. Economic Contributions of Forests. Background Paper to UNFF tenth Session, Istanbul, 8-19 April 2013. http://www.un.org/esa/forests/pdf/session_documents/unff10/EcoContrForests.pdf
  9. AIPP and IWGIA, 2014. Shifting Cultivation, Livelihood and Food Security. New and Old Challenges for Indigenous Peoples in Asia. Chiang Mai: Asia Indigenous Peoples’ Pact (AIPP) and the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA). http://www.iwgia.org/iwgia_files_publications_files/0694_AIPPShifting_cultivation_livelihoodfood_security.pdf
  10. Alcorn, J.B., 1981. Huastec noncrop resource management: Implications for prehistoric rain forest management. Human Ecology 9(4): 395-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01418729
  11. Alexiades, M.N., 2009. Mobility and Migration in Indigenous Amazonia: Contemporary Ethnoecological Perspectives. Oxford: Berghahn.
  12. Altieri, M.A., 2002. Agroecology: The science of natural resource management for poor farmers in marginal environments. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 93: 1-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(02)00085-3
  13. Altieri, M.A., 2004. Linking ecologists and traditional farmers in the search for sustainable agriculture. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2(1): 35-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3868293
  14. Anderson, A.B. and Posey, D.A., 1989. Management of a tropical scrub savanna by the Gorotire Kayapo. Advances in Economic Botany 7: 159-173.
  15. Anderson, K., 2006. Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge and the Management of California’s Natural Resources. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press. http://permaculteur.free.fr/ecoanarchisme/tending_the_wild.pdf
  16. Andrade, G.I. and Rubio-Torgler, H., 1994. Sustainable use of the tropical rain forest: Evidence from the avifauna in a shifting-cultivation habitat mosaic in the Colombian Amazon. Conservation Biology 8(2): 545-554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4018-1_27
  17. Angelsen, A., 2008. Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options and Implications. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research. http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/002601
  18. Arnold, M. and Dewees, P. 1998. Rethinking Approaches to Tree Management by Farmers. Overseas Development Institute (ODI) Natural Resource Perspectives, No. 26. http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/2414.pdf
  19. Asher, K., 2009. Black and Green: Afro-Colombians, Development, and Nature in the Pacific Lowlands. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  20. Balée, W., 2006. The research program of historical ecology. Annual Review of Anthropology 35: 75-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123231
  21. Bannister, M.E. and Nair, P.K.R., 2003. Agroforestry adoption in Haiti: The importance of household and farm characteristics. Agroforest Systems 57: 149-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1023973623247
  22. Barros, H.R., Ferreira, T.A. and Genovese, M.I., 2012. Antioxidant capacity and mineral content of pulp and peel from commercial cultivars of citrus from Brazil. Food Chemistry 134(4): 1892-8. PMID 23442635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.090
  23. Barry, D. and Meinzen-Dick, R., 2014. The invisible map: Community tenure rights. In: The Social Lives of Forests: Past, Present and Future of Woodland Resurgence, edited by S. Hecht, K. Morrison and C. Padoch. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226024134.001.0001
  24. Bartuszevige, A.M., Gorchov, D.L. and Raab, L., 2006. The relative importance of landscape and community features in the invasion of an exotic shrub in a fragmented landscape. Ecography 29: 213-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0906-7590.04359.x
  25. Bélair, C., Ichikawa, K., Wong, B.Y.L. and Mulongoy K.J. (eds.), 2010. Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity in Socio-ecological Production Landscapes, Technical Series No. 52. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-52-en.pdf
  26. Belotto, A., Leanes, L.F., Schneider, M.C., Tamayo, H. and Correa, E., 2005. Overview of rabies in the Americas. Virus Research 111: 5-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2005.03.006
  27. Bengis, R.G., Kock, R.A. and Fischer, J., 2002. Infectious animal diseases: The wildlife/livestock interface. Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics) 21: 53-65. PMID: 11974630
  28. Berkes, F., Colding, J. and Folke, C., 2000. Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management. Ecological Applications 10: 1251-1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1251:roteka]2.0.co;2
  29. Berti, P.R., Krasevec, J. and Fitzgerald, S., 2004. A review of the effectiveness of agriculture interventions in improving nutrition outcomes. Public Health Nutrition 7(5): 599-609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2003595
  30. Bianchi, F.J.J., Booij, C.J. and Tscharntke, T., 2006. Sustainable pest regulation in agricultural landscapes: A review on landscape composition, biodiversity and natural pest control. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273: 1715-1727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3530
  31. Biermayr-Jenzano, P., Kassam S.N. and Aw-Hassan, A., 2014. Understanding Gender and Poverty Dimensions of High Value Agricultural Commodity Chains in the Souss-Masaa-Draa Region of South-western Morocco. ICARDA working paper, Mimeo. Amman, Jordan.
  32. Bist, S.S., 2006. Elephant conservation in India—an overview. Gajah 25: 27-35. http://www.asesg.org/PDFfiles/Gajah/25-27-Bist.pdf
  33. Blate, G.M., 2005. Modest trade-offs between timber management and fire susceptibility of a Bolivian semi-deciduous forest. Ecological Applications 15: 1649-1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/04-0385
  34. Boerboom, J.H.A. and Wiersum, K.F., 1983. Human impact on tropical moist forest. In: Man’s Impact on Vegetation, edited by W. Holzner, M.J.A. Werger and I. Ikusima. The Hague: W. Junk.
  35. Boffa, J.-M., 1999. Agroforestry Parklands in Sub-saharan Africa. FAO Conserv. Guide 34. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x3940e/x3940e00.htm
  36. Bomuhangi, A., Doss, C. and Meinzen-Dick, R., 2011. Who owns the land? Perspectives from rural Ugandans and implications for land acquisitions. IFPRI Discussion Paper 01136. Washington DC: IFPRI. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2013.855320
  37. Borggaard, O.K., Gafur, A. and Petersen, L., 2003. Sustainability appraisal of shifting cultivation in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. Ambio 32(2): 118-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-32.2.118
  38. Boyer, J. and Liu, R.H., 2004. Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits. Nutrition Journal 3(1): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-3-5
  39. Boyles, J.G., Cryan, P.M., McCracken, G.F. and Kunz, T.H., 2011. Economic importance of bats in agriculture. Science 332: 41-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1201366
  40. Bradley, B.A. and Mustard, J.F., 2006. Characterizing the landscape dynamics of an invasive plant and risk of invasion using remote sensing. Ecological Applications 16: 1132-1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1132:ctldoa]2.0.co;2
  41. Bradshaw, C.J.A., Sodhi, N.S., Peh, K.S.-H. and Brook, B.W., 2007. Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing world. Global Change Biology 13: 2379-2395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01446.x
  42. Brauman, K.A., Daily, G.C., Duarte, T.K. and Mooney, H.A., 2007. The nature and value of ecosystem services: An overview highlighting hydrologic services. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 32: 1-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.32.031306.102758
  43. Brondizio, E.S., 2008. The Amazonian Caboclo and the Açaí Palm: Forest Farmers in the Global Market. New York: New York Botanical Garden Press.
  44. Brondizio, E.S., Safar, C.A.M. and Siqueira, A.D., 2002. The urban market of açaí fruit (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) and rural land use change: Ethnographic insights into the role of price and land tenure constraining agricultural choices in the Amazon estuary. Urban Ecosystems 6(1-2): 67-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1025966613562
  45. Brown, H.C.P., Smit, B., Sonwa, D.J., Somorin, O.A. and Nkem, J., 2011. Institutional perceptions of opportunities and challenges of REDD+ in the Congo Basin. Journal of Environment & Development 20(4): 381-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496511426480
  46. Bruce, J., 1999. Legal bases for the management of forest resources as common property. Forests, Trees and People Community Forestry Note 14. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/x2581e/x2581e00.pdf
  47. Bruun, T.B., de Neergaard, A., Lawrence, D. and Ziegler, A., 2009. Environmental consequences of the demise in swidden agriculture in Southeast Asia: Carbon storage and soil quality. Human Ecology 37: 375-388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-009-9257-y
  48. Bytnerowicz, A., Omasa, K. and Paoletti, E., 2007. Integrated effects of air pollution and climate change on forests: A northern hemisphere perspective. Environmental Pollution 147: 438-445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.08.028
  49. CacaoNet, 2012. A Global Strategy for the Conservation and Use of Cacao Genetic Resources, as the Foundation for a Sustainable Cocoa Economy (B. Laliberté, compiler). Montpellier, France: Bioversity International. http://www.bioversityinternational.org/uploads/tx_news/A_global_strategy_for_the_conservation_and_use_of_cacao_genetic_resources__as_the_foundation_for_a_sustainable_cocoa_economy_1588.pdf
  50. Cairns, M.F. (ed.), 2007. Voices from the Forest: Integrating Indigenous Knowledge into Sustainable upland Farming. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
  51. Cairns, M.F. (ed.), 2015. Shifting Cultivation and Environmental Change: Indigenous People, Agriculture and Forest Conservation. London: Earthscan Publications (Routledge).
  52. Cairns, M. and Garrity, D.P., 1999. Improving shifting cultivation in Southeast Asia by building on indigenous fallow management strategies. Agroforestry Systems 47: 37-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1006248104991
  53. Carloni, A. 2005. Rapid Guide for Missions. Analysing Local Institutions and Livelihoods. Institutions for Rural Development 1. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/a-a0273e.pdf
  54. Carney, J and Elias, M., 2014. Gendered knowledge and the African shea-nut tree. In: The Social Lives of Forests: Past, Present and Future of Woodland Resurgence, edited by S. Hecht, K. Morrison and C. Padoch. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226024134.001.0001
  55. Castella, J.-C., Lestrelin, G., Hett, C., Bourgoin, J., Fitriana, Y.R., Heinimann, A. and Pfund, J.-L., 2013. Effects of landscape segregation on livelihood vulnerability: Moving from extensive shifting cultivation to rotational agriculture and natural forests in Northern Laos. Human Ecology 41.1 (Feb. 2013): 63-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-012-9538-8
  56. Cerda, R., Deheuvels, O., Calvache, D., Niehaus, L., Saenz, Y., Kent, J., Vilchez, S., Villota, A., Martinez, C. and Somarriba, E., 2014. Contribution of cocoa agroforestry systems to family income and domestic consumption: Looking toward intensification. Agroforestry Systems 88(6): 1-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-014-9691-8
  57. Chao, S., 2012. Forest Peoples: Numbers Across the World. Moreton-in-Marsh, UK: Forest Peoples Programme. http://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2012/05/forest-peoples-numbers-across-world-final_0.pdf
  58. Chazdon, R.L. 2014. Second Growth: The Promise of Tropical Forest Regeneration in an Age of Deforestation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  59. Chen, H., Morrell, P.L., Ashworth, V.E.T.M., De La Cruz, M. and Clegg, M.T., 2008. Tracing the geographic origins of major avocado cultivars. Journal of Heredity 100(1): 56-65. PMID 18779226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esn068
  60. Cissé, M.I., 1995. Les parcs agroforestiers au Mali. Etat des connaissances et perspectives pour leur amélioration. AFRENA Rep. 93. Nairobi: ICRAF.
  61. Clough, Y., Abrahamczyk, S., Adams, M.-O., Anshary, A., Ariyanti, N., et al., 2010. Biodiversity patterns and trophic interactions in human-dominated tropical landscapes in Sulawesi (Indonesia): Plants, arthropods and vertebrates. In: Tropical Rainforests and Agroforests Under Global Change, edited by T. Tscharntke, C. Leuschner, E. Veldkamp, H. Faust, E. Guhardja and A. Bidin. Environmental Science and Engineering Series. Berlin: Springer Verlag. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00493-3
  62. Cochrane, M.A., 2003. Fire science for rainforests. Nature 421: 913-919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01437
  63. Cock, M.J.W., 2003. Biosecurity and Forests: An Introduction—with Particular Emphasis on Forest Pests. FAO Forest Health and Biosecurity Working Paper FBS/2E. Rome: FAO. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/J1467E/J1467E.pdf
  64. Colfer, C.J.P., 2008a. The Longhouse of the Tarsier: Changing Landscapes, Gender and Well Being in Borneo. Phillips, Maine: Borneo Research Council, in cooperation with CIFOR and UNESCO.
  65. Colfer, C.J.P., 2008b. Human Health and Forests: A Global Overview of Issues, Practice and Policy. London: Earthscan.
  66. Colfer, C.J.P., Colchester, M., Joshi, L., Puri, R.K., Nygren, A., Lopez, C., 2005. Traditional knowledge and human well-being in the 21st century. In: Forests in the Global Balance—Changing Paradigms, IUFRO World Series No. 17, edited by G. Mery, R. Alfaro, M. Kanninen. and M. Lovobikov. 2005. Helsinki: International Union of Forest Research Organizations. http://www.iufro.org/science/special/wfse/forests-global-balance
  67. Colfer, C.J.P., Minarchek, R.D., Cairns, M., Aier, A., Doolittle, A., Mashman, V., Odame, H.H., Roberts, M., Robinson, K. and Van Esterik, O., 2015. Gender analysis and indigenous fallow management. In: Shifting Cultivation and Environmental Change: Indigenous People, Agriculture and Forest Conservation, edited by M. Cairns. London: Earthscan.
  68. Colfer, C.J.P., Peluso, N.L. and Chin, S.C., 1997. Beyond Slash and Burn: Building on Indigenous Management of Borneo’s Tropical Rain Forests. Bronx, NY: New York Botanical Garden.
  69. Collings, N., 2009. Environment. In: The State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples. United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Social Policy and Development, Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Report No. ST/ESA/328. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/SOWIP/en/SOWIP_web.pdf
  70. Condominas, G., 1977. We Have Eaten the Forest: The Story of a Montagnard Village in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. New York: Hill and Wang.
  71. Conklin, H. C., 1957. Hanunoo Agriculture: A Report on an Integral System of Shifting Cultivation in the Philippines. Rome: FAO.
  72. Cramb, R.A., 1993. Shifting cultivation and sustainable agriculture in East Malaysia: A longitudinal case study. Agricultural Systems 42: 209-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-521x(93)90055-7
  73. CTA, 2012. Climate change: Concerns for cocoa. SPORE No. 159: 9.
  74. Damman, S., Kuhnlein, H.V. and Erasmus, B., 2013. Human rights implications of Indigenous Peoples’ food systems and policy recommendations. In: Indigenous Peoples’ Food Systems and Well-being. Interventions and Policies for Healthy Communities, edited by H.V. Kuhnlein, B. Erasmus, D. Spigelski and B. Burlingame. Rome: FAO and CINE (Centre for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and Environment). http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3144e.pdf
  75. De Foresta, H. and Michon, G., 1997. The agroforest alternative to Imperata grasslands: When smallholder agriculture and forestry reach sustainability. In: Agroforestry Innovations for Imperata Grassland Rehabilitation, edited by D.P. Garrity. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers and Nairobi: International Centre for Research in Agroforestry. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00142877
  76. DeFries, R.S., Rudel. T., Uriarte, M. and Hansen, M., 2010. Deforestation driven by urban population growth and agricultural trade in the twenty-first century. Nature Geoscience 3: 178-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo756
  77. Deere, C.D., Boakye-Yiadom, L., Doss, C., Oduro, A.D., Swaminathan, H., Twyman, J. and Suchitra, J.Y. 2013. Women’s Land Ownership and Participation in Agricultural Decision-making: Evidence from Ecuador, Ghana and Karnataka, India. The Gender Asset Gap Project Research Brief Series No. 2. Bangalore: Indian Institute of Management. http://genderassetgap.org/sites/default/files/ResearchBrief2.pdf
  78. Denevan, W.M., 1992. The pristine myth: The landscape of the Americas in 1492. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82(3): 369-385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01965.x
  79. Denevan, W.M. and Padoch, C., 1987. Swidden-fallow Agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon. New York: New York Botanical Garden.
  80. Denevan, W.M., Treacy, J.M., Alcorn, J.B., Padoch, C., Denslow, J. and Paitan, S.F., 1984. Indigenous agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon—Bora Indian management of swidden fallows. Interciencia 9: 346-357. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAT727.pdf
  81. Dey, J. 1981. Gambian women: Unequal partners in rice development projects? Journal of Development Studies 17(3): 109-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388108421801
  82. Dey Abbas, J., 1997. Gender asymmetries in intrahousehold resource allocation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Some policy implications for land and labor productivity. In: Intrahousehold Resource Allocation in Developing Countries: Methods, Models and Policy, edited by L. Haddad, J. Hoddinott and H. Alderman. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, for IFPRI. https://www.pep-net.org/sites/pep-net.org/files/typo3doc/pdf/intrahhres1.pdf
  83. Doss, C., Grown, C. and Deere, C.D., 2008. Gender and Asset Ownership: A Guide to Collecting Individual Level Data. Policy research working paper 4704. Washington DC: World Bank. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4704
  84. Dounias, E., Selzner, A., Koizumi, M. and Levang, P. 2007. From sago to rice, from forest to town: The consequences of sedentarization for the nutritional ecology of Punan former hunter-gatherers of Borneo. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 28(2, suppl.): 294S-302S(9). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17658075
  85. Dove, M., 1983., Theories of swidden agriculture, and the political economy of ignorance. Agroforestry Systems 1: 85-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00596351
  86. Dove, M.R., Smith, D.S., Campos, M.T., Mathews, A. S., Rademacher, A., Rhee, S. and Yoder, L.M., 2013. Globalisation and the construction of Western and non-Western knowledge. In: Local Science vs Global Science: Approaches to Indigenous Knowledge in International Development, edited by P. Sillitoe. Oxford and New York: Berghan Books.
  87. Dreher, M.L. and Davenport, A.J., 2013. Hass avocado composition and potential health effects. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutritio 53 (7): 738-50. PMID 23638933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.556759
  88. Duchelle, A., Almeyda Zambrano, A.M., Wunder, S., Börner, J. and Kainer, K. 2014. Smallholder Specialization Strategies along the Forest Transition Curve in Southwestern Amazonia. World Development. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.03.001
  89. Duflo, E. and Udry, C., 2004. Intrahousehold Resource Allocation in Côte d’Ivoire: Social Norms, Separate Accounts and Consumption Choices. NBER working paper No. 10498. Cambridge MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10498
  90. Eagle, A.J., Eiswerth, M.E., Johnson, W.S., Schoenig, S.E. and Cornelis van Kooten, G., 2007. Costs and losses imposed on California ranchers by yellow starthistle. Rangeland Ecology & Management 60: 369-377. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2007)60[369:calioc]2.0.co;2
  91. Edem, D.O., 2002. Palm oil: Biochemical, physiological, nutritional, hematological and toxicological aspects: A review. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 57(3): 319-341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1021828132707
  92. Environment Canada, 2004. An Invasive Alien Species Strategy for Canada. Ottawa: Environment Canada. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2014/ec/CW66-394-2004-eng.pdf
  93. FAO, 1982. Fruit-bearing Forest Trees: Technical Notes. FAO Forestry Paper 34. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/t0006e/t0006e00.pdf
  94. FAO, 2002a. Land Tenure and Rural Development. FAO Land Tenure Studies 3. Rome: FAO. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/005/y4307E/y4307E00.pdf
  95. FAO, 2002b. Gender and Access to Land. FAO Land Tenure Studies 4. Rome: FAO. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/005/y4308e/y4308e00.pdf
  96. FAO, 2010. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010: Main Report. FAO Forestry Paper 163. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1757e/i1757e.pdf
  97. FAO, 2011. State of Food and Agriculture. Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for Development. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2050e/i2050e.pdf
  98. FAO, 2012. Roles of Forests in Climate Change. http://www.fao.org/forestry/climatechange/53459/en/
  99. FAO, 2014. State of the World‘s Forests. Enhancing the Socioeconomic Benefits from Forests. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3710e.pdf
  100. FAO and CIFOR, 2005. Forests and Floods: Drowning in Fiction or Thriving on Facts? Bangkok: Centre for International Forestry Research, Bogor and Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae929e/ae929e00.htm
  101. FAOSTAT Statistical Database, 2010. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://faostat.fao.org/
  102. Feary, S.A., Eastburn, D., Sam, N. and Kennedy, J., 2012. Western Pacific. In: Traditional Forest-related Knowledge: Sustaining Communities, Ecosystems and Biocultural Diversity, edited by J.A. Parrotta and R.L. Trosper. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2144-9_11
  103. Feldstein, H.S. and Poats, S.V., 1990. Working Together. Gender Analysis in Agriculture. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian.
  104. Figueira, A., Janick, J. and BeMiller, J.N., 1993. New products from Theobroma cacao: Seed pulp and pod gum. In: New Crops, edited by J. Janick and J.E. Simon. New York: Wiley.
  105. Finegan, B. and Nasi, R., 2004. The biodiversity and conservation potential of swidden agricultural landscapes. In: Agroforestry and Biological Conservation in Tropical Landscapes, edited by G. Schroth, G.A.B. da Fonseca, C.A. Harvey, C. Gascon, H.L. Vasconcelos and A.-M.N. Izac, Washington, DC: Island Press. http://library.uniteddiversity.coop/Permaculture/Agroforestry/Agroforestry_and_Biodiversity_Conservation_in_Tropical_Landscapes.pdf
  106. Fisher, M., 2004. Household welfare and forest dependence in southern Malawi. Environment and Development Economics 9(2): 135-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x03001219
  107. Foley, J.A., DeFries, R., Asner, G.P., Barford, C., Bonan, G., Carpenter, S.R., Chapin, F.S., Coe, M.T., Daily, G.C., Gibbs, H.K., Helkowski, J.H., Holloway, T., Howard, E.A., Kucharik, C.J., Monfreda, C., Patz, J.A., Prentice, I.C., Ramankutty, N. and Snyder, P.K., 2005. Global Consequences of Land Use. Science 309: 570-574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1111772
  108. Foli, S., Reed, J., Clendenning, J., Petrokofsky, G., Padoch, C. and Sunderland, T., 2014. To what extent does the presence of forests and trees contribute to food production in humid and dry forest landscapes?: A systematic review protocol. Environmental Evidence 3: 15. http://www.environmentalevidencejournal.org/content/3/1/15 http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/005476
  109. Fortmann, L., 1983. Who plows? The effect of economic status on women’s participation in agriculture in agriculture in Botswana. Mimeo.
  110. Fortmann, L., Antinori, C. and Nabanne, N., 1997. Fruits of their labors: Gender, property rights, and tree planting in two Zimbabwe villages. Rural Sociology 62(3): 295-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1997.tb00653.x
  111. Fortmann, L. and Bruce, J. W. (eds.), 1988. Whose Trees? Proprietary Dimensions of Forestry. Boulder and London: Westview Press.
  112. Fowler, D., Cape, J.N., Coyle, M., Flechard, C., Kuylenstierna, J., Hicks, K., Derwent, D., Johnson, D. and Stevenson, D., 1999. The global exposure of forests to air pollutants. In: Forest Growth Responses to the Pollution Climate of the 21st Century, edited by L.J. Sheppard and J.N. Cape. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1578-2_1
  113. Fox, J., Truong, D.M., Rambo, A.T., Tuyen, N.P., Cuc, L.T. and Leisz, S., 2000. Shifting cultivation: A new old paradigm for managing tropical forests. BioScience 50(6): 521-528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0521:scanop]2.0.co;2
  114. Fox, J., Fujita, Y., Ngidang, D., Peluso, N., Potter, L., Sakuntaladewi, N., Sturgeon, J. and Thomas, D., 2009. Policies, Political-Economy, and Swidden in Southeast Asia. Human Ecology 37(3): 305-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-009-9240-7
  115. Franzel, S., 1999. Socioeconomic factors affecting the adoption potential of improved tree fallows in Africa. Agroforestry Systems 47: 305-321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1006292119954
  116. Fuys, A. and Dohrn, S. 2010. Common property regimes: Taking a closer look at resource access. In: Beyond the Biophysical. Knowledge, Culture and Power in Agriculture and Natural Resource Management, edited by L. German, J. Ramisch and R. Verma. Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8826-0_9
  117. Gallai, N., Salles, J.-M., Settele, J. and Vaissiere, B.E., 2009. Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline. Ecological Economics 68: 810-821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014
  118. Galloway-McLean, K., 2010. Advance Guard: Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation, Mitigation and Indigenous Peoples—A Compendium of Case Studies. Darwin, Australia: United Nations University-Traditional Knowledge Initiative. http://www.unutki.org/news.php?doc_id=101&news_id=92
  119. García Latorre, J. and García Latorre, J., 2012. Globalization, local communities, and traditional forest-related knowledge. In: Traditional Forest-related Knowledge: Sustaining Communities, Ecosystems and Biocultural Diversity, edited by J.A. Parrotta and R.L. Trosper. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2144-9_12
  120. Gavin, M.C., 2004. Changes in forest use value through ecological succession and their implications for land management in the Peruvian Amazon. Conservation Biology 18(6): 1562-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00241.x
  121. Giovarelli, R., 2006. Overcoming gender biases in established and transitional property rights systems. In: Land Law Reform: Achieving Development Policy Objectives. Law, Justice, and Development Series, edited by J.W. Bruce, R. Giovarelli, L. Rolfes, D. Bledsoe and R. Mitchell. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-6468-0
  122. Girard, A.W., Self, J.L., McAuliffe, C. and Olude, O., 2012. The effects of household food production strategies on the health and nutrition outcomes of women and young children: A systematic review. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 26: 205-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01282.x
  123. Gockowski, J. and Sonwa, D., 2011. Cocoa intensification scenarios and their predicted impact on CO2 emissions, biodiversity conservation, and rural livelihoods in the Guinea rain forest of West Africa. Environmental Management 48: 307-321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-010-9602-3
  124. Goldammer, J.G., 1988. Rural land-use and wildland fires in the tropics. Agroforestry Systems 6: 235-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02220124
  125. Gupta, P.NS., 1980. Food consumption and nutrition of regional tribes of India. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 9(2): 93-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03670244.1980.9990587
  126. Haddad, L. Hoddinott, J. and Alderman, H. (eds.), 1997. Intrahousehold Resource Allocation in Developing Countries: Methods, Models and Policy. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, for IFPRI. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1244597
  127. Hall, J.B., Aebischer, D.P., Tomlinson, H.F., Osei-Amaning, E. and Hindle, J.R., 1996. Vitellaria Paradoxa: A Monograph. Bangor, UK: University of Wales.
  128. Hammond D.S., ter Steege, H. and van der Borg, K., 2007. Upland soil charcoal in the wet tropical forests of central Guyana. Biotropica 39: 153-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00257.x
  129. Hatcher, J. and Bailey, L. 2010. Tropical Forest Tenure Assessment: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities. Washington DC and Yokohama: RRI and ITTO.
  130. Hausman, A.J. and Wilmsen, E.N., 1985. Economic change and secular trends in the growth of San children. Human Biology 57(4): 563-571.
  131. Hecht, S.B., 2009. Kayapó savanna management: Fire, soils, and forest islands in a threatened biome. In: Amazonian Dark Earths: Wim Sombroek’s Vision, edited by W.I. Woods, W.G. Teixeira, J. Lehmann, C. Steiner, A.M.G.A. WinklerPrins and L. Rebellato. Heidelberg: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9031-8_7
  132. Hecht, S.B., Morrison, K.D. and Padoch, C. (eds.), 2014. The Social Lives of Forests: Past, Present, and Future of Woodland Resurgence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.52-0834
  133. Hett, C., Castella, J.-C., Heinimann, A., Messerli, P. and Pfund, J.-L., 2012. A landscape mosaics approach for characterizing swidden systems from a REDD+ perspective. Applied Geography 32: 608-618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.07.011
  134. Hill, C.M., 2000. Conflict of interest between people and baboons: Crop raiding in Uganda. International Journal of Primatology 21: 299-315. http://sanrem.cals.vt.edu/1048/Conflict of Interest Between People and Baboons.pdf
  135. Hill, R.V. and Vigneri, M. 2014. Mainstreaming gender sensitivity in cash crop market supply Chains. In: Gender in Agriculture. Closing the Knowledge Gap, edited by A. Quisumbing, R. Meinzen-Dick, T. Raney, A. Croppenstedt, J. Behrman and A. Peterman. Rome and Dordrecht: FAO and Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8616-4_13
  136. Hiraoka, M., 1994. Mudanças nos padrões econômicos de uma população ribeirinha do estuário do Amazonas. In: Povos das Águas: Realidade e perspectivas na Amazônia, edited by L. Furtado, A.F. Mello and W. Leitão. Belém, Para, Brazil: MPEG/Universidade Federal do Pará.
  137. Hiraoka, M., 1995. Aquatic and land fauna management among the floodplain riberenos of the Peruvian Amazon. In: The fragile tropics of Latin America: Sustainable Management of Changing Environments, edited by T. Nishizawa and J.I. Uitto. Tokyo: United Nations University.
  138. Hladik, C.M., Linares, O.F., Hladik, A., Pagezy, H. and Semple, A., 1993. Tropical forests, people and food: An overview. In: Tropical Forests, People and Food. Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development, Man and Biosphere Series No. 13, edited by C.M. Hladik, A. Hladik, O.F. Linares, H. Pagezy, A. Semple and M. Hadley. Paris: UNESCO and New York: Parthenon.
  139. Hockings, K.J. and McLennan, M.R., 2012. From forest to farm: Systematic review of cultivar feeding by chimpanzees—management implications for wildlife in anthropogenic landscapes. PLoS ONE 7, e33391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033391
  140. Holmes, T.P., Aukema, J.E., Von Holle, B., Liebhold, A. and Sills, E., 2009. Economic impacts of invasive species in forests. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1162: 18-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04446.x
  141. Holzschuh, A., Steffan-Dewenter, I. and Tscharntke, T., 2010. How do landscape composition and configuration, organic farming and fallow strips affect the diversity of bees, wasps and their parasitoids? Journal of Animal Ecology 79: 491-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01642.x
  142. Howard, P.L. and Smith, E., 2006. Leaving Two Thirds out of Development: Female Headed Households and Common Property Resources in the Highlands of Tigray, Ethiopia. Livelihood Support Programme (LSP) Working Paper 40. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/a-ah624e.pdf
  143. Howard, P. L. and Nabanoga, G., 2007. Are there customary rights to plants? An inquiry among the Baganda (Uganda), with special attention to gender. World Development 35(9): 1542-1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.05.021
  144. Hunt, D., 1984. The Labour Aspects of Shifting Cultivation in African Agriculture. Rome: FAO.
  145. Hurni, K., Hett, C., Heinimann, A., Messerli, P. and Wiesmann, U., 2013. Dynamics of shifting cultivation landscapes in northern Lao PDR between 2000 and 2009 based on an analysis of MODIS time series and Landsat images. Human Ecology 41(1): 21-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-012-9551-y
  146. Ibarra, J.T., Barreau, A., Del Campo, C., Camacho, C.I., Martin, G.J. and McCandless S.R., 2011. When formal and market-based conservation mechanisms disrupt food sovereignty: Impacts of community conservation and payments for environmental services on an indigenous community of Oaxaca, Mexico. International Forestry Review 13(3): 318-337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554811798293935
  147. Ickowitz, A., Powell, B., Salim, M.A. and Sunderland, T.C.H., 2014. Dietary quality and tree cover in Africa. Global Environmental Change 24: 287-294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.12.001
  148. Indrawan, M., Yabe, M., Nomura, H. and Harrison, R., 2014. Deconstructing satoyama—The socio-ecological landscape in Japan. Ecological Engineering 64: 77-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.12.038
  149. IFPRI, 2013. Reducing the Gender Asset Gap through Agricultural Development. A Technical Resource Guide. Washington DC: IFPRI. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8616-4_5
  150. ITTO, 2002. ITTO Guidelines for the Restoration, Management and Rehabilitation of Degraded and Secondary Tropical Forests. ITTO Policy Development Series No. 13. Yokohama, Japan: International Tropical Timber Organization. http://www.cifor.org/library/1175/itto-guidelines-for-the-restoration-management-and-rehabilitation-of-degraded-and-secondary-tropical-forests/
  151. Janick, J., 2005. The origins of fruits, fruit growing, and fruit breeding. Plant Breeding Review 25: 255-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470650301.ch8
  152. Jarosz, L., 1993. Defining and explaining tropical deforestation: Shifting cultivation and population growth in colonial Madagascar (1896-1940). Economic Geography 69(4): 366-379. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/143595
  153. Jodha, N.S., 1986. Common Property Resources and Rural Poor in Dry Regions of India. Economic and Political Weekly 21: 1169-81. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4375858
  154. Johann, E., Agnoletti M., Bölöni, J., Erol, S.Y., Holl, K., Kusmin, J., García Latorre, J., García Latorre, J., Molnár, Z., Rochel, X., Rotherham, I.D., Saratsi, E., Smith, M., Tarang, L., van Benthem, M. and van Laar, J., 2012. Europe. In: Traditional Forest-related Knowledge: Sustaining Communities, Ecosystems and Biocultural Diversity, edited by J.A. Parrotta and R.L. Trosper. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2144-9_6
  155. Johns, T., 1996. The Origins of Human Diet and Medicine: Chemical Ecology. Tucson AZ, USA: University of Arizona Press.
  156. Johnson, D., 1973. The botany, origin, and spread of the cashew Anacardium occidentale L. Journal of Plantation Crops 1(1-2): 1-7.
  157. Jonkman, S.N., 2005. Global perspectives on loss of human life caused by floods. Natural Hazards 34(2): 151-175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-004-8891-3
  158. Kennedy, E. and Peters, P. 1992. Household food security and child nutrition: The interaction of income and gender of household head. World Development 20(8): 1077-1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(92)90001-c
  159. Kerr, W.E. and Posey D.A., 1984. Notas sobre a agricultura dos índios Kayapó. Interciência 9(6): 392-400.
  160. Kiptot, E. and Franzel, S., 2012. Gender and agroforestry in Africa: A review of women’s participation. Agroforestry Systems 84: 35-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9419-y
  161. Kislev, M.E., Hartmann, A. and Bar-Yosef, O., 2006. Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Valley. Science 312(5778): 1372-1374 (2 June 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1125910
  162. Kiyingi, I. and Gwali, S., 2013. Productivity and profitability of robusta coffee agroforestry systems in central Uganda. Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences 13(1): 85-93. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/236901244_Productivity_and_profitability_of_Robusta_coffee_agroforestry_systems_in_central_Uganda
  163. Klein, A.-M., Vaissière, B.E., Cane, J.H., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Cunningham, S.A., Kremen, C. and Tscharntke, T., 2007. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274: 303-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3721
  164. Kleinman, P.J.A., Pimentel, D. and Bryant, R.B., 1996. Assessing ecological sustainability of slash-and-burn agriculture through soil fertility indicators. Agronomic Journal 88: 122-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1996.00021962008800020002x
  165. Kort, J., 1988. Benefits of windbreaks to field and forage crops. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 22-23: 165-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-43019-9.50018-3
  166. Koppert, G.J.A., Dounias, E., Froment, A. and Pasquet, P., 1993. Food consumption in three forest populations of the southern coastal areas of Cameroon: Yassa—Mvae—Bakola. In: Tropical Forests, People and Food. Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development. Man and Biosphere Series No. 13. Paris: UNESCO/The Parthenon Publishing Group. http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/research/forests_health/17.pdf
  167. Kremen, C., 2005. Managing ecosystem services: What do we need to know about their ecology? Ecology Letters 8: 468-479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00751.x
  168. Kristjanson, P., Waters-Buyer, A., Johnson, N., Tipilda, A., Njuki, J., Baltenweck, I., Grace, D., MacMillan, S., 2014. Livestock and women’s livelihoods. In: Gender in Agriculture. Closing the Knowledge Gap, edited by A. Quisumbing, R. Meinzen-Dick, T. Raney, A. Croppenstedt, J. Behrman and A. Peterman. Rome and Dordrecht: FAO and Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8616-4_9
  169. Kuhnlein, H.V., Erasmus, B. and Spigelski, D., 2009. Indigenous Peoples’ Food Systems. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i0370e/i0370e00.pdf
  170. Kumar, B.M. and Takeuchi, K., 2009. Agroforestry in the Western Ghats of peninsular India and the satoyama landscapes of Japan: A comparison of two sustainable land use systems. Sustainability Science 4(2): 215-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-009-0086-0
  171. Kumar, C. and Nongkynrih, K. 2005. Customary tenurial forest practices and the poor in Khasi—Jaintia Society of Meghalaya. Case study submitted for the joint study Rural Common Property in a Perspective of Development and Modernization. Delhi: CIFOR and North Eastern Hill University.
  172. Kumar, N. and Quisumbing, A., 2012. Policy Reform Toward Gender Equality in Ethiopia: Little by Little the Egg Begins to Walk. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1126. Washington DC: IFPRI. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2184985
  173. Landscan, 2010. Landscan Global Population Database. http://www.eastview.com/online/landscan
  174. Lambin, E.F., Turner, B.L., Geist, H.J., Agbola, S.B., Angelsen, A., Bruce, J.W., Coomes, O.T., Dirzo, R., Fischer, G., Folke, C., George, P.S., Homewood, K., Imbernon, J., Leemans, R., Li, X., Moran, E.F., Mortimore, M., Ramakrishnan, P.S., Richards, J.F, Skånes, H., Steffen, W., Stone, G.D., Svedin, U., Veldkamp, T.A., Vogel, C. and Xu, J., 2001. The causes of land-use and land-cover change: Moving beyond the myths. Global Environmental Change 11: 261-269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-3780(01)00007-3
  175. Larson, A.M., Barry, D. and Dahal G.R., 2010. New rights for forest-based communities? Understanding processes of forest tenure reform. International Forestry Review 12(1): 78-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/ifor.12.1.78
  176. Lastarria-Cornhiel, S., 1997. Impact of privatization on gender and property rights in Africa. World Development 25(8): 1317-1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(97)00030-2
  177. Lastarria-Cornhiel, S., Behrman, J., Meinzen-Dick, R. and Quisumbing, A., 2014. Gender equity ann land: Toward secure and effective access for rural women. In: Gender in Agriculture. Closing the Knowledge Gap, edited by A. Quisumbing, R. Meinzen-Dick, T. Raney, A. Croppenstedt, J. Behrman and A. Peterman. Rome and Dordrecht: FAO and Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8616-4_6
  178. Lauri, P.-É., Maguylo, K. and Trottier, C., 2006. Architecture and size relations: An essay on the apple (Malus x domestica, Rosaceae) tree. American Journal of Botany 93(93): 357-368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.3.357
  179. Li, T.M., 1998. Working separately but eating together: Personhood, property and power in conjugal relations. American Ethnologist 25(4): 675-694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.1998.25.4.675
  180. Li, T.M., 2014. Social Impacts of Oil Palm in Indonesia. A Gendered Perspective from West Kalimantan. Toronto: University of Toronto, for CIFOR. http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/005579
  181. Likens, G.E., Driscoll, C.T. and Buso, D.C., 1996. Long-term effects of acid rain: Response and recovery of a forest ecosystem. Science 272: 244-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5259.244
  182. Lim, H.F., Liang, L., Camacho, L.D., Combalicer, E.A. and Singh, S.K.K., 2012. Southeast Asia. In: Traditional Forest-related Knowledge: Sustaining Communities, Ecosystems and Biocultural Diversity, edited by J.A. Parrotta and R.L. Trosper. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2144-9_10
  183. Linares, O.F., 1976. ”Garden hunting” in the American tropics. Human Ecology 4(4): 331-349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01557917
  184. MA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment), 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Washington DC: Island Press. http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf
  185. Mackenzie, C.A. and Ahabyona, P., 2012. Elephants in the garden: Financial and social costs of crop raiding. Ecological Economics 75: 72-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.12.018
  186. Maffi L., 2005. Linguistic, cultural, and biological diversity. Annual Review of Anthropology 29: 599-617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120437
  187. Marten, G.G. and Abdoellah, O.S., 1988. Crop diversity and nutrition in west java. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 21(1): 17-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03670244.1988.9991016
  188. Martin, P.A., Newton, A.C. and Bullock, J.M., 2013. Carbon pools recover more quickly than plant biodiversity in tropical secondary forests. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 280: 20132236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2236
  189. Masset, E., Haddad, L., Cornelius, A. and Isaza-Castro, J., 2012. Effectiveness of agricultural interventions that aim to improve nutritional status of children: Systematic review. BMJ (British Medical Journal) 344: d8222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d8222
  190. Masters, E.T., Yidana, J.A. and Lovett, P.N. [n.d.]. Reinforcing Sound Management through Trade: Shea Tree Products in Africa. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5918e/y5918e11.htm
  191. McDaniel, J., Kennard, D. and Fuentes, A., 2005. Smokey the tapir: Traditional fire knowledge and fire prevention campaigns in lowland Bolivia. Society and Natural Resources 18: 921-931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920500248921
  192. Meinzen-Dick, R., Brown, L., Feldstein, H. and Quisumbing, A., 1997. Gender, property rights, and natural resources. World Development 25(8): 1303-1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(97)00027-2
  193. Meinzen-Dick, R., Johnson, N., Quisumbing, A., Njuki, J., Behrman, J., Rubin, D., Peterman, A. and Waithanji, E., 2014. The gender asset gap and its implications for agricultiral and rural development. In: Gender in Agriculture. Closing the Knowledge Gap, edited by A. Quisumbing, R. Meinzen-Dick, T. Raney, A. Croppenstedt, J. Behrman, and A. Peterman. Rome and Dordrecht: FAO and Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8616-4_5
  194. Mercer, D.L., 2004. Adoption of agroforestry innovations in the tropics: A review. Agroforestry Systems 61-62(1-3): 311-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2424-1_22
  195. Mertz, O., 2009. Trends in shifting cultivation and the REDD mechanism. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 1(2): 156-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2009.10.002
  196. Mertz, O., Leisz, S., Heinimann, A., Rerkasem, K., Thiha, Dressler,W., Cu, P.V., Vu, K.C., Schmidt-Vogt, D., Colfer, C.J.P., Epprecht, M., Padoch, C. and Potter, L., 2009a. Who counts? The demography of swidden cultivators. Human Ecology 37: 281-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-009-9249-y
  197. Mertz, O., Padoch, C., Fox, J., Cramb, R.A., Leisz, S.J., Lam, N.T. and Vien, T.D., 2009b. Swidden change in Southeast Asia: Understanding causes and consequences. Human Ecology 37(3): 259-264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-009-9245-2
  198. Mertz, O., Wadley, R.L., Nielsen, U., Bruun, T.B., Colfer, C.J.P., de Neergaard, A., Jepsen, M.R., Martinussen, T., Zhao, Q., Noweg, G.T. and Magid, J., 2008. A fresh look at shifting cultivation: Fallow length an uncertain indicator of productivity. Agricultural Systems 96: 75-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2007.06.002
  199. Meyer, J.-Y. and Malet, J.-P., 1997. Study and management of the alien invasive tree Miconia calvescens DC. (Melastomataceae) in the Islands of Raiatea and Tahaa (Society Islands, French Polynesia): 1992-1996. Report, Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit. Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7368
  200. Mitchell, M.G.E., Bennett, E.M. and Gonzalez, A., 2014. Forest fragments modulate the provision of multiple ecosystem services. Journal of Applied Ecology 51: 909-918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12241
  201. Molnar, T.J., Zaurov, D.E., Capik, J.M., Eisenman, S.W., Ford, T., Nikolyi, L.V. and Funk, C.R, 2011. Persian Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) in Central Asia. In: Northern Nut Growers Association (NNGA) 101st Annual Report. http://www.ippfbe.org
  202. Moore, B.A., 2005. Alien Invasive Species: Impacts on Forests and Forestry. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/j6854e/j6854e00.htm
  203. Mukherjee, S.K., 1972. Origin of mango (Mangifera indica). Economic Botany 26(3): 260-264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02861039
  204. Muleta, D., 2007. Microbial Inputs in Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Production Systems, Southwestern Ethiopia: Implications for Promotion of Biofertilizers and Biocontrol Agents. PhD thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences/Uppsala. http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/1657/1/Am_Thesis_template_LC_PUBL..pdf
  205. Nair, P.K.N., 1993. An Introduction to Agroforestry. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1608-4
  206. Nair, P.K.R. and Fernandes, E.,1984. Agroforestry as an Alternative to Shifting Cultivation. FAO Soils Bulletin No. 53: 169-182.
  207. Nair, P.K.R., Kumar, B.M. and Nair, V.D., 2009. Agroforestry as a strategy for carbon sequestration. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 172(1): 10-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200800030
  208. Narain, U., Gupta, S. and van ‘t Veld, K., 2008. Poverty and the environment: Exploring the relationship between household incomes, private assets and natural assets. Land Economics 84(1): 148-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/le.84.1.148
  209. Nasi, R., Brown, D., Wilkie, D., Bennett, E., Tutin, C., Van Tol, G. and Christophersen, T., 2008. Conservation and Use of Wildlife-based Resources: The Bushmeat Crisis. In: CBD Technical Series No. 33, Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-33-en.pdf
  210. Naughton-Treves, L., Treves, A., Chapman, C. and Wrangham, R., 1998. Temporal patterns of crop-raiding by primates: Linking food availability in croplands and adjacent forest. Journal of Applied Ecology 35: 596-606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.1998.3540596.x
  211. Nepstad, D., Carvalho, G., Barros, A.C., Alencar, A., Capobianco, J.P., Bishop, J., Moutinho, P., Lefebvre, P., Silva, U.L. and Prins, E., 2001. Road paving, fire regime feedbacks, and the future of Amazon forests. Forest Ecology and Management 154: 395-407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00511-4
  212. New Zealand Nature Institute, 2006. Rural Livelihoods and Access to Forest Resources in Mongolia. LSP Working Paper 32. Rome: FAO, Livelihood Support Programme (LSP). http://www.fao.org/3/a-ah253e.pdf
  213. Njuki, J, Kaaria, S., Chamunorwa, A. and Chiuri, W., 2011. Linking smallholder farmers to markets, gender, and intrahousehold dynamics: Does the choice of commodity matter? Eur European Journal of Development Research 23(3): 426-443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2011.8
  214. Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y., 1997. Wildlife and Food Security in Africa. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7540e/w7540e00.htm
  215. Obiri, D.B., Bright, G.A., McDonald, M.A., Anglaaere, L.C.N. and Cobbina, J., 2007. Financial analysis of shaded cocoa in Ghana. Agroforestry Systems 71(2): 139-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-007-9058-5
  216. Obiri, D.B., Depinto, A. and Tetteh, F., 2011. Cost-benefit Analysis of Agricultural Climate Change Mitigation Options: The Case of Shaded Cocoa in Ghana. Research report prepared for IFPRI, Washington. 56pp.
  217. Ohler, J.G., 1979. Cashew processing. Tropical Abstracts 21(9): 1792-2007.
  218. Olson, S.H., Gangnon, R., Silveira, G.A. and Patz, J.A., 2010. Deforestation and malaria in Mâncio Lima County, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases 16(7): 1108-1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1607.091785
  219. Opeke, L.K., 1982. Tropical Tree Crops. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
  220. Oteng-Yeboah, A., Mutta, D., Byarugaba, D. and Mala, W.A., 2012. Africa. In: Traditional Forest-related Knowledge: Sustaining Communities, Ecosystems and Biocultural Diversity, edited by J.A. Parrotta and R.L. Trosper. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2144-9_2
  221. Padoch, C., Coffey, K., Mertz, O., Leisz, S., Fox, J., Wadley, R.L., 2007. The demise of swidden in Southeast Asia? Local realities and regional ambiguities. Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography 107: 29-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00167223.2007.10801373
  222. Padoch, C., Brondizio, E., Costa, S., Pinedo-Vasquez, M., Sears, R.R. and Siqueira, A., 2008. Urban forest and rural cities: Multi-sited households, consumption patterns, and forest resources in Amazonia. Ecology and Society 13(2): 2. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art2/
  223. Padoch, C. and de Jong, W., 1992. Diversity, variation, and change in ribereño agriculture. In: Conservation of Neotropical Forests: Working from Traditional Resource Use, edited by K. Redford and C. Padoch. Columbia University Press: New York.
  224. Padoch, C. and Peluso, N., 1996. Borneo in Transition: People, Forests, Conservation and Development. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
  225. Padoch, C. and Peters, C., 1993. Managed forest gardens in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Perspectives on Biodiversity: Case Studies of Genetic Resource Conservation and Development, edited by C.S. Potter, J.I. Cohen and D. Janczewski. Washington, DC: AAAS.
  226. Palm, C.A., Sanchez, P.A., Ericksen, P.J. and Vosti, S.A. (Eds.), 2005. Slash-and-burn Agriculture: The Search for Alternatives. New York: Columbia University Press.
  227. Paoletti, E., Schaub, M., Matyssek, R., Wieser, G., Augustaitis, A., Bastrup-Birk, A.M., Bytnerowiczg, A., Günthardt-Goergb, M.S., Müller-Starckc, G. and Serengilh, A., 2010. Advances of air pollution science: From forest decline to multiple-stress effects on forest ecosystem services. Environmental Pollution 158: 1986-1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.11.023
  228. Pardini, R., Bueno, A.A., Gardner, T.A., Prado, P.I. and Metzger, J.P., 2010. Beyond the fragmentation threshold hypothesis: Regime shifts in biodiversity across fragmented landscapes. PLoS ONE 5: e13666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013666
  229. Parrotta, J.A., 1993. Cocos nucifera L. Coconut, palma de coco. Res. Note SO-ITF-SM-57. New Orleans, LA: USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pubs/sm_iitf057 (7).pdf
  230. Parrotta, J.A. and Agnoletti, M., 2012. Traditional forest-related knowledge and climate change. In: Traditional Forest-related Knowledge: Sustaining Communities, Ecosystems and Biocultural Diversity, edited by J.A. Parrotta and R.L. Trosper. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2144-9_13
  231. Parrotta, J.A. and Trosper, R.L. (eds.), 2012. Traditional Forest-related Knowledge: Sustaining Communities, Ecosystems and Biocultural Diversity. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2144-9
  232. Parry, L., Barlow, J. and Peres, C.A., 2009. Hunting for sustainability in tropical secondary forests. Conservation Biology 23(5): 1270-1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01224.x
  233. Pérez, E. and Pacheco, L.F., 2006. Damage by large mammals to subsistence crops within a protected area in a montane forest of Bolivia. Crop Protection 25: 933-939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2005.12.005
  234. Perfecto, I., Vandermeer, J., Mas, A. and Soto Pinto, L., 2005. Biodiversity, yield, and shade coffee certification. Ecological Economics 54: 435-446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.10.009
  235. Peters, P.E. 1986. Household management in Botswana: Cattle, crops and wage labor. In: Understanding Africa’s Rural Households and Farming Systems, edited by J.L. Moock. Boulder and London:Westview.
  236. Pinedo-Vasquez, M., Hecht, S. and Padoch, C., 2012. Amazonia. In: Traditional Forest-related Knowledge: Sustaining Communities, Ecosystems and Biocultural Diversity, edited by J.A. Parrotta and R.L. Trosper. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2144-9_4
  237. Plantegenest, M., Le May, C. and Fabre, F., 2007. Landscape epidemiology of plant diseases. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 4: 963-972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2007.1114
  238. Platteau, J-P. 1992. Land Reform and Structural Adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Controversies and Guidelines. FAO Economic and Social Development Paper 107. Rome: FAO.
  239. Pooley, S., Fa, J.E. and Nasi, R., 2015. No conservation silver lining to Ebola. Conservation Biology 29(3): 965-967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12454
  240. Posey, D.A. (ed.), 1999. Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity. London: Intermediate Technology Publications, UNEP. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780445434
  241. Powell, B., Thilsted Haraksingh, S., Ickowitz, A., Termote, C., Sunderland, T. and Herforth, A., 2015. Improving diets with wild and cultivated biodiversity from across the landscape. Food Security, in press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-015-0466-5
  242. Power, A.G., 2010. Ecosystem services and agriculture: Tradeoffs and synergies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365: 2959-2971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0143
  243. Quisumbing, A.R., Payongayong, E., Aidoo, J.B. and Otsuka, K., 2003. Women’s land rights in the transition to individualized ownership: Implications for the management of tree resources in western Ghana. In : Household Decisions, Gender, and Development. A Synthesis of Recent Research, edited by A. Quisumbing. Washington DC: IFPRI.
  244. Quisumbing, A.R., Estudillo, J.P. and Otsuka, K., 2004. Land and Schooling: Transferring Wealth Across Generations. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, for IFPRI.
  245. Quisumbing, A.R. and Pandofelli, L,. 2009. Promising Approaches to Address the Needs of Poor Female Farmers: Resources, Constraints, and Interventions. IFPRI Discussion Paper 00882. Washington DC: IFPRI. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.227.3028&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  246. Raintree, J. and Warner, K., 1986. Agroforestry pathways for the intensification of shifting cultivation. Agroforestry Systems 4(1): 39-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01834701
  247. Ramakrishnan, P.S., 1992. Shifting Agriculture and Sustainable Development: An Interdisciplinary Study from North-eastern India. Man and Biosphere Book Series No. 10. Paris: UNESCO and Caernforth, Lancaster, UK: Parthenon Publishing.
  248. Ramakrishnan, P.S., Rao, K.S., Chandrashekara, U.M., Chhetri, N., Gupta, H.K., Patnaik, S., Saxena, K.G. and Sharma, E., 2012. South Asia. In: Traditional Forest-related Knowledge: Sustaining Communities, Ecosystems and Biocultural Diversity, edited by J.A. Parrotta and R.L. Trosper. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2144-9_9
  249. Rangarajan, M., Desai, A., Sukumar, R., Easa, P.S., Menon, V., Vincent, S., Ganguly, S., Talukdar, B.K., Singh, B., Mudappa, D., Chowdhary, S. and Prasad, A.N., 2010. Securing the Future for Elephants in India. The Report of the Elephant Task Force. New Delhi: Ministry of Environment and Forests. http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/ETF_REPORT_FINAL.pdf
  250. Reij, C., 2014. Re-greening the Sahel: Linking adaptation to climate change, poverty reduction, and sustainable development in drylands. In: The Social Lives of Forests: Past, Present and Future of Woodland Resurgence, edited by S. Hecht, K. Morrison and C. Padoch. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
  251. Rerkasem, K., Lawrence, C., Padoch, D. Schmidt-Voght, D., Zeigler, A.D. and Bruun, T.B., 2009. Consequences of swidden transitions for crop and fallow biodiversity in Southeast Asia. Human Ecology 37: 347-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-009-9250-5
  252. Rice, R.A. and Greenberg, R., 2000. Cacao cultivation and the conservation of biological diversity. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 29(3): 81-87, 167-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0044-7447(2000)029[0167:ccatco]2.0.co;2
  253. Ricketts, T.H., 2004. Tropical forest fragments enhance pollinator activity in nearby coffee crops. Conservation Biology 18: 1262-1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00227.x
  254. Ricketts, T.H., Regetz, J., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Cunningham, S.A., Kremen, C., Bogdanski, A., Gemmill-Herren, B., Greenleaf, S.S., Klein, A.M., Mayfield, M.M., Morandin, L.A., Ochieng, A. and Viana B.F., 2008. Landscape effects on crop pollination services: Are there general patterns? Ecology Letters 11: 499-515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01157.x
  255. Rival, L.M., 2002. Trekking Through History: The Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador. New York: Columbia University Press.
  256. Rocheleau, D. and Edmunds, D., 1997. Women, men and trees: Gender, power and property in forest and agrarian landscapes. World Development 25(8): 1351-1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(97)00036-3
  257. RRI, 2012. What Rights? A Comparative Analysis of Developing Countries’ National Legislation on Community and Indigenous Peoples’ Forest Tenure Rights. Washington DC: Rights and Resources Initiative. http://www.rightsandresources.org/
  258. Rose, L., 1996. Disputes in Common Property Regimes. Land Tenure Center Paper 154. Madison: Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
  259. Rudel, T.K., DeFries, R., Asner, G.P. and Laurance, W.F., 2009. Changing Drivers of Deforestation and New Opportunities for Conservation. Conservation Biology 23(6): 1396-1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01332.x
  260. Ruf, F. and Schroth, G., 2004. Chocolate forests and monocultures: A historical review of cocoa growing and its conflicting role in tropical deforestation and forest conservation. In: Agroforestry and Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Landscapes, edited by G. Schroth, G.A.B. Da Fonseca, C.A. Harvey, C. Gascon, H.L. Lasconcelos and A.N. Izac. Washington, DC: Island Press. http://library.uniteddiversity.coop/Permaculture/Agroforestry/Agroforestry_and_Biodiversity_Conservation_in_Tropical_Landscapes.pdf
  261. Russell, W.M S., 1988. Population, swidden farming and the tropical environment. Population and Environment 10: 77-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01359134
  262. Sanchez P.A., 1995. Science in agroforestry. Agroforest Systems 30: 5-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00708912
  263. Sanchez, P.A., Palm, C.A., Vosti, S.A., Tomich, T. and Kasyoki, J., 2005. Alternatives to slash and burn: Challenges and approaches of an international consortium. In: Slash-and-burn Agriculture: The Search for Alternatives, edited by C.A. Palm, S.A. Vosti, P.A. Sanchez and P.J. Ericksen. New York: Columbia University Press.
  264. Saroj, P.L. and Rupa, T.R., 2014. Cashew research in India: Achievements and strategies. Progressive Horticulture 46(1): 1-17.
  265. Sauer, C.O., 1969. Agricultural Origins and Dispersals, 2nd edn. Cambridge and London: MIT Press.
  266. Scherr, S.J., 1995. Economic factors in farmer adoption: Patterns observed in Western Kenya. World Development 23: 787-804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(95)00005-w
  267. Schlager, E. and Ostrom, E., 1992. Property rights and natural resources: A conceptual analysis. Land Economics 68(3): 249-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3146375
  268. Schlegel, S.A. and Guthrie, H.A., 1973. Diet and the tiruray shift from swidden to plow farming. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 2(3): 181-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03670244.1973.9990335
  269. Schmidt-Vogt, D., Leisz, S.J., Mertz, O., Heinimann, A., Thiha, T. Messerli, P., Epprecht, M., Cu, P.V., Chi, V.K., Hardiono, M. and Dao, T.M., 2009. An assessment of trends in the extent of swidden in Southeast Asia. Human Ecology 37: 269-280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-009-9239-0
  270. Schroth, G. and Harvey, C., 2007. Biodiversity conservation in cocoa production landscapes: An overview. Conservation and Biology 16(8): 2237-2244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9195-1
  271. Scott, J., 1999. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  272. Sinu, P.A., Kent, S.M. and Chandrashekara, K., 2012. Forest resource use and perception of farmers on conservation of a usufruct forest (Soppinabetta) of Western Ghats, India. Land Use Policy 29: 702-709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.11.006
  273. Smith, D.A., 2005. Garden game: Shifting cultivation, indigenous hunting and wildlife ecology in western Panama. Human Ecology 33(4): 505-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-005-5157-y
  274. Smith, N.J.H., Williams, J.T., Plucknett, D.L. and Talbot, J.P., 1992. Tropical Forests and their Crops. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
  275. Spencer, J.E., 1966. Shifting Cultivation in Southeastern Asia. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  276. Stevens, C., Winterbottom, R., Springer, J. and Reytar, K., 2014. Securing Rights, Combating Climate Change: How Strengthening Community Forest Rights Mitigates Climate Change. Washington DC: World Resources Institute. http://www.wri.org/securingrights
  277. Swift, M.J., Vandermeer, J., Ramakrishnan, P.S., Anderson, J.M., Ong, C.K. and Hawkins, B., 1996. Biodiversity and agroecosystem function. In: Functional Roles of Biodiversity: A Global Perspective, SCOPE Series, edited by H.A. Mooney, J.H. Cushman, E. Medina, O.E. Sala and E.-D. Schulze. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
  278. Tejeda-Cruz, C., Silva-Rivera, E., Barton, J.R. and Sutherland, W.J., 2010. Why shade coffee does not guarantee biodiversity conservation. Ecology and Society 15: 13.
  279. Thompson, I.D., Ferreira, J., Gardner, T., Guariguata, M., Koh, L.P., Okabe, K., Pan, Y., Schmitt, C.B., Tylianakis, J., Barlow, Kapos, V., Kurz, W.A., Spalding, M. and van Vliet, N., 2012. Forest biodiversity, carbon and other ecosystem services: Relationships and impacts of deforestation and forest degradation. In: Understanding Relationships Between Biodiversity, Carbon, Forests and People: The Key to Achieving REDD+ Objectives, IUFRO World Series No. 31, edited by J.A. Parrotta, C. Wildburger and S. Mansourian. Vienna: International Union of Forest Research Organizations.
  280. Thrupp, L.A., Hecht, S.B. and Browder, J.O., 1997. The Diversity and Dynamics of Shifting Cultivation: Myths, Realities and Policy Implications. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. http://pdf.wri.org/diversitydynamicscultivation_bw.pdf
  281. Toledo, M. and Salick, J. 2006. Secondary succession and indigenous management in semideciduous forest fallows of the Amazon Basin. Biotropica 38(2): 161-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00120.x
  282. Tomalak, M., Rossi, E., Ferrini, F. and Moro, P.A., 2011. Negative aspects and hazardous effects of forest environments on human health. In: Forests, Trees and Human Health, edited by K. Nilsson, M. Sangster, C. Gallis, T. Hartig, S. de Vries, K. Seeland and J. Schipperijn. New York: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9806-1_4
  283. Tontisirin, K., Nantel, G. and Bhattacharjee, L., 2002. Food-based strategies to meet the challenges of micronutrient malnutrition in the developing world. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61(2): 243-250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2002155
  284. Tscharntke, T., Klein, A.M., Kruess, A., Steffan-Dewenter, I. and Thies, C., 2005a. Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity—ecosystem service management. Ecology Letters 8: 857-874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00782.x
  285. Tscharntke, T., Rand, T.A. and Bianchi, F.J.J.A., 2005b. The landscape context of trophic interactions:insect spillover across the crop-noncrop interface. Annual Zoology Fennici: 421-432. http://www.annzool.net/PDF/anzf42/anzf42-421.pdf
  286. Tscharntke, T., Tylianakis, J.M., Rand, T.A., Didham, R.K., Fahrig, L. and Batáry, P., Bengtsson, J., Clough, Y., Crist, T.O., Dormann, C.F., Ewers, R.M., Fründ, J., Holt, R.D., Holzschuh, A., Klein, A.M., Kleijn, D., Kremen, C., Landis, D.A., Laurance, W., Lindenmayer, D., Scherber, C., Sodhi, N., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Thies, C., van der Putten, W.H. and Westphal, C., 2012. Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes—eight hypotheses. Biological Reviews: 87: 661-685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00216.x
  287. Turner, N.J., Łuczaj, Ł.J., Migliorini, P., Pieroni, A., Dreon, A.L., Sacchetti, L.E. and Paoletti, M.G., 2011. Edible and tended wild plants, traditional ecological knowledge and agroecology, Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 30: 1-2, 198-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2011.554492
  288. United Nations, 2009. The State of the World’s Indigenous People. New York: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/SOWIP/en/SOWIP_web.pdf
  289. Uriarte, M., Pinedo-Vasquez, M., DeFries, R.S., Fernandes, K., Gutierrez-Velez, V., Baethgen, W. E. and Padoch, C., 2012. Depopulation of rural landscapes exacerbates fire activity in the western Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(52): 21546-21550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1215567110
  290. Van Koppen, B., 1990. Women and the Design of Irrigation Schemes: Experiences from Two Cases in Burkina Faso. Paper presented at the International Workshop on Design for Sustainable Farmer-Managed Irrigation Schemes in Sub-Saharan Africa. Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands, 5-8 February.
  291. van Vliet, N., Mertz, O., Heinimann, A., Langanke, T., Pascual, U., Schmook, B., Adams, C., Schmidt-Vogt, D., Messerli, P., Leisz, S., Castella, J.-C., Jørgensen, L., Birch-Thomsen, T., Hett, C.,Bech-Bruun, T., Ickowitz, A., Vum, K.C., Yasuyuki, K., Fox, J., Padoch, C., Dressler, W. and Ziegler, A.D., 2012. Trends, drivers and impacts of changes in swidden cultivation in tropical forest-agriculture frontiers: A global assessment. Global Environmental Change 22: 418-429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.009
  292. Veberic, R., Colaric, M. and Stampar, F., 2008. Phenolic acids and flavonoids of fig fruit (Ficus carica L.) in the northern Mediterranean region. Food Chemistry 106(1): 153-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.061
  293. Velded, T., 2000. Village politics: Heterogeneity, leadership and collective action. Journal of Development Studies 36: 105-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380008422648
  294. Wadley, R. L. and Colfer, C.J.P., 2004. Sacred forest, hunting, and conservation in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Human Ecology 32: 313-338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:huec.0000028084.30742.d0
  295. Warner, K., 1991. Shifting Cultivators: Local and Technical Knowledge and Natural Resource Management in the Humid Tropics. Community Forestry Note 8. Rome: FAO. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/u4390e/u4390e00.pdf
  296. Watson, G.A., 1990. Tree crops and farming systems development in the humid tropics. Experimental Agriculture 26: 143-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700018147
  297. Whitehead, A. 1985. Effects of technological change on rural women: A review of analysis and concepts. In: Technology and Rural Women: Conceptual and Empirical Issues, edited by I. Ahmed. London: George Allen and Unwin.
  298. Wiersum, K.F., 1997. Indigenous exploitation and management of tropical forest resources: An evolutionary continuum in forest-people interactions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 63(1997): 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(96)01124-3
  299. Wilcox, B.A. and Ellis, B., 2006. Forests and emerging infectious diseases of humans. Unasylva 57: 11-18. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0789e/a0789e03.pdf
  300. Williams, T., 2014. Ebola’s silver lining. New Scientist 223: 26-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(14)61720-6
  301. WOCAT, 2007. SWC Technology: Shade-grown Coffee. San José, Costa Rica: Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería.
  302. World Bank, 2013. Forest, Trees and Woodlands in Africa. An Action Plan for World Bank Engagement. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/11927/730260REPLACEM0tion0Plan06014012web.pdf?sequence=1
  303. World Bank, FAO and IFAD, 2009. Gender and Forestry, Module 15. Gender in Agriculture Sourcebook. Washington DC: World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENAGRLIVSOUBOOK/Resources/Module15.pdf
  304. Youn, Y.-C., Liu, J., Daisuke, S., Kim, K., Ichikawa, M., Shin, J.-H. and Yuan, J., 2012. Northeast Asia. In: Traditional Forest-related Knowledge: Sustaining Communities, Ecosystems and Biocultural Diversity, edited by J.A. Parrotta and R.L. Trosper. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2144-9_8
  305. Ziegler, A.D., Phelps, J., Yuen, J.Q., Webb, E.L., Lawrence, D., Fox, J.M., Bruun, T.B., Leisz, S.J., Ryan, C.M., Dressler, W., Mertz, O., Pascual, U., Padoch, C. and Koh, L.P., 2012. Carbon outcomes of major land-cover transitions in SE Asia: Great uncertainties and REDD+ policy implications. Global Change Biology 18(10): 3087-3099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02747.x
  306. Zomer, R.J., Bossio, D.A., Trabucco, A., Yuanjie, L., Gupta, D.C. and Singh, V.P., 2007. Trees and Water: Smallholder Agroforestry on Irrigated Lands in Northern India. IWMI Research Reports, No. 122. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute. http://indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/RR122.pdf
  307. Zomer, R.J., Trabucco, A., Coe, R. and Place, F., 2009. Trees on Farm: Analysis of Global Extent and Geographic Pattern of Agroforestry. ICRAF Working Paper No. 89. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp16263.pdf
  308. Zomer, R.J., Trabucco, A., Coe, R. Place, F., van Noordwijk, M. and Xu, J.C., 2014. Trees on Farms: An Update and Reanalysis of Agroforestry’s Global Extent and Socio-ecological Characteristics. Working Paper 179. Bogor, Indonesia: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/Publications/PDFS/WP14064.pdf